EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Chapter_2 The_Japanese_Word_Dictionary The Japanese Word Dictionary is composed of the Japanese word records arranged alphabetically according to the Japanese syllabary. Each record of the Japanese Word Dictionary is composed of the record number, headword information, grammatical information, semantic information, pragmatic and supplementary information and management information. The main role of the Japanese Word Dictionary is to describe the correspondence between the Japanese word and the concept represented by the word and to provide the grammatical information for the word when used with the given meaning. Commonly used word are the subject of the Japanese Word Dictionary. =================Structure of Japanese Word Dictionary Records================== :Record type and identifier number :(Section 2.1) :Notation and reading of headword with its conjugational ending (Section 2.1.1) :Sequence composed of stem form of word and related adjacency attributes (Section 2.1.2 and Tables 2-1, 2-2) :Katakana notation of invariable portion of word (Section 2.1.3) :Pronunciation and accent in Katakana notation of invariable portion of headword (Provided for single word entries only. Section 2.1.3) :(Section 2.2) :Part of speech (Section 2.2.1 and Table 2-3) :Dependency relation for constituent words of idioms (Provided for idiomatic phrases only. Section 2.2.2) :(Section 2.2.3) :Conjugational form (Provided only for words that have an irregular conjugation pattern. Table 2-4) :Conjugational type (Provided only for words that have a regular conjugation pattern. Tables 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7) :Surface case (Provided for predicates and predicate phrases only. Section 2.2.4 and Tables 2-8 and 2-9) :Aspect information (Provided for verbs only. Section 2.2.4 and Table 2-10) :Function word information (Provided for function words only. Section 2.2.4, and Tables 2-11, 2-12, 2-13) :(Section 2.3) 2-1 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY :Number that uniquely identifies the concept (Section 2.3.1.) :Headword that represents concept. (Provided for content words only. Section 2.3.2) :Japanese headword that represents concept :English headword that represents concept :Written explanation of concept (Provided for content words only. Section 2.3.2.) :Concept explication in Japanese :Concept explication in English :(Section 2.4) :Usage of headword (Section 2.4.1 and Table 2-14) :Occurrence frequency (Section 2.4.2) :(Section 2.5) :Management information such as date of creation or record update ================================================================================ ================Example of Japanese Word Dictionary Records (Noun)============== JWD0405240 夕飯[ユウハン] 夕飯(Common Noun,Common Noun) ユウハン ユーハン Common Noun 3c2374 夕食[ユウショク] supper 夕方とる食事 an evening meal 8/8 2-2 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY DATE=93/3/12 ================================================================================ ==================Example of Japanese Word Dictionary Records (Verb)============ JWD0371001 食べる[タベ・ル] 食べ(Verb,Verb Stem of Verb - Ichidan Conjugation) タベ タベ’ Verb Ichidan Conjugation ガ;ヲ;デ Indicates progressive aspect when following テイル; Indicates change/ movement when following テクル 3bc6f0 食べる[タベ・ル] eat 食物をとる to eat something 492/531 DATE=89/2/17 ================================================================================ ==========Example of Japanese Word Dictionary Records (Predicate Phrase)======== JWD0238660 足場を固める[アシバヲカタメ・ル] 足場(Common Noun,Common Noun) /を(Particle that follows nominal, Particle that follows Relational postposition/particle)/[{*(*,*)}] / 固め(Verb,Verb Stem of Verb - Ichidan Conjugation) Predicate Phrase Adnominal Phrase(Common Noun(足場) 2-3 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY /Particle(を))/[{Adnominal Phrase(*)}] /Predicate Phrase(Verb(固め)) Ichidan Conjugation ガ;デ;ノ Indicates progressive aspect when following テイル; Indicates completion or resultant stat e when following テイル; Indicates change/movement when following テクル 1ecf38 足場を固める[アシバヲカタメ・ル] 物事を行う場合の拠り所を確立する to obtain a footing 2/2 DATE=93/10/15 ================================================================================ 2.1. Headword Information The headword information is composed of the headword, the invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes, the Kana notation and the pronunciation of the headword. The headwords registered in the dictionary include words typically used in daily life, technical terms and proper nouns that have become commonly used, abbreviations, and idiomatic or set phrases. 2.1.1. Headword The headword is composed of the headword notation (including its conjugational ending) and the reading of the headword. If the headword inflects, the conjugational ending is provided only in the predicative form. For 'ta-ru-to' (adnominal adjectives) however, the adnominal adjective suffix is given. The reading of the headword is provided in Katakana, symbols or numerals. The conjugational ending for words that conjugate is preceded by a '・' symbol. Headwords, which resemble headword entries in paper-based dictionaries, are provided in order to facilitate the distinction between one word and another. The number of words in the dictionary is defined in terms of the number of differing headwords it contains. 2-4 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY 2.1.2. Invariable Portion of Headword and Pair of Adjacency Attributes Headwords in the EDR Japanese Word Dictionary are composed of basically two parts: a character string notation and adjacency attribute codes. The notation is given for the portion of the headword that does not change during inflection. The adjacency attributes are codes that follow the character notation and indicate morphological restrictions to the left and right of the headword. All headwords are divided into constituent elements and the notation and adjacency attributes for each constituent is described. The invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes can be used during dictionary look-up to identify the words in a sentence for morphological analysis, the first step in sentence analysis. In sentence generation, they can be used to form the final output of the sentence by generating morphemes. The notation of each of the headword constituents is made up of the invariable portion of the word only. That is, only the character string sequence that does not change during inflection is given as the notation of the headword. Note that the invariable portion of the headword is not necessarily the stem of the word. The adjacency attributes are given in the form of codes and indicate the morphological restrictions to the adjacent words or constituents when the word is actually used. There are two types of adjacency attributes: left adjacency attributes, and right adjacency attributes. (Further detail on adjacency attributes is given later in this section.) The invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes are expressed in the following format: Notation of Invariable Portion of the Headword(Left Adjacency Attribute,Right Adjacency Attribute) If the headword is an idiomatic phrase (phrasal entry) a slash symbol (/) is inserted between each of the constituents (consisting of the invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes) that make up the idiomatic phrase. An idiomatic phrase is a phrase consisting of two or more words/phrases that together form a single constituent. In addition, it has a concept that cannot be derived from the individual concepts of the words/phrases that make up the idiomatic phrase. The inflectional ending of headwords that follow a regular inflection pattern are omitted since the adjacency attribute information contains the necessary information to generate the endings. It is possible to insert words or phrases between the constituents of phrasal headwords. In such cases, if the notation of the constituent is not specified a word class which defines the name of a group of certain words is used to indicate the position. The word class '*' is a special class name which is used to represent any word or words. Currently, the '*' is the only word class name used in the Japanese Word Dictionary. Other word class names can be registered into the dictionary when necessary. The word class '*' can be used instead of the right and left adjacency attribute codes when the adjacency attributes are variable. The adjacency attributes indicate the possibility of joining morphemes either to the left or to the right of the headword. They indicate what kind of 2-5 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY morphemes can occur adjacent to a particular morpheme. Adjacency attributes are prepared with the following considerations: (1) minimizing the number of connectivity rules for examining adjacency restraints between words; (2) allowing for the registration of idiomatic expressions and set phrases in the Japanese Word Dictionary. Adjacency is based on bi-directional adjacency constraints grammar in which the adjacency of the word is divided between left and right. In such a scheme, a word has a right adjacency attribute and a left adjacency attribute. The right adjacency attributes are indicated in the Table 2-2 and the left adjacency attributes are indicated in Table 2-1. Information about the possibility of connectivity between the right and left adjacency is contained in the adjacency attribute codes. This method of describing adjacency attributes is based on the fact that the possible word groups that can occur adjacent to a word depends on the type of word and further differs between the left and right of the word. Since the possible word group differs according to the right and the left, by dividing the adjacency attributes into left and right adjacency attributes, the number of attribute categories can be decreased. Furthermore, if the number of adjacency attributes can be reduced, so can the number of adjacency rules. By using these adjacency attributes, adjacency rules can be made regarding the possibility of connectivity between morphemes and thus can be used in morphological analysis and generation. Example of Adjacency Rules for Nouns _____________________________________ JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLSSSSSSS NNNNNNNNNVAMDDRCCTFFFFFFF _______123456789111121131145789A_____ JRN1 ooo..o.o.......o..o...... JRN2 oo...o.o.......o...@o.... JRN3 oo...o.o.......o....o.... JRN4 ooo..o.o.......o..o...... JRN5 .....o.o.......o....o.... JRN6 .....o.o.......o......... JRN7 .....o.........o......... JRN8 o.o..o.o.ooo...o.......@o JRN9 oooo.ooooooo.ooo......@.. JRNA___oooo.ooooooo.ooo..o.o...._____ Note: '@' indicates strong connectivity; '.' indicates no connectivity; and 'o' indicates possible connectivity. 2-6 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY 2.1.3. Kana Notation and Pronunciation Kana notation is given in Katakana for the portion of the headword that does not change during conjugation. This information can be used in Kana-Kanji conversion and for obtaining the reading of words in text. Pronunciation information is described for single word entries only and can be used for speech synthesis. The pronunciation information provides the pronunciation of the invariable portion of the headword and accent marks for the headword. This information is given in Kana notation and symbols. Conventional notation is used with no distinction between voiced and nasal sounds, and without special treatment for long vowels and double consonants. Accent marking has been based on the accent used in standard Japanese pronunciation in the Tokyo area, with a single quote ( ’) marking the point where the accent falls. The particle following the noun is assumed when assigning the accents for nouns, and conjugating words are accented according to their predicative forms. Words that have more than two accents, such as idiomatic expressions, are punctuated with a '」' sign at the end of the continuous rise-and-fall cycle. 2.2. Grammatical Information The grammatical information is composed of part of speech, syntactic tree, conjugation information, surface case and aspect information, and function word information. This information can be used to find the syntactic structure of a sentence during syntactic analysis, or in syntactic generation to determine what sentence structure should be used in order to express a certain meaning. Example of Kana Notation and Pronunciation __________________________________________ Headword____Kana_Notation____Pronunciation 東京 トウキョウ トーキョー ボーイ ボーイ ボーイ 通り トオリ トーリ’ 切る キ キ’ 着る キ キ 雨蛙 アマガエル アマガ’エル 箸 ハシ ハ’シ 橋 ハシ ハシ’ 端 ハシ ハシ 足音________アシオト_________アシオ’ト___ 2-7 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY 2.2.1. Part of Speech A part of speech assignment is given to all records in the Japanese Word Dictionary. The parts of speech used in the Japanese Word Dictionary are shown in table 2-3. Idiomatic phrases are described with a part of speech assignment such as 'nominal phrase', 'predicate phrase' or 'sentence'. 2.2.2. Syntactic Tree Syntactic tree information is given only to headword entries that consist of more than one word. The syntactic tree shows what kind of syntactic structure the constituent words of an idiomatic phrase have when used in the context of the phrase. This information can be used to determine the grammatical features and syntactic functions of constituent words in the analysis and generation of sentences containing idiomatic phrases. The syntactic tree is a recursive expression of syntactic nodes regarded as having certain syntactic functions. The terminal nodes of the syntactic tree are the constituent elements that comprise the idiomatic phrase and are in themselves registered as separate headwords. A syntactic tree is generated from the following rules: ::= ｜ / ｜ () ｜ {} ｜ [] ::= () Note: 1. Syntactic trees at the same depth are divided by a slash ( / ). 2. Braces ({ }) and brackets ([ ]) are used to indicate that syntactic constituents may be inserted into the phrase. Braces indicate the inserted constituent is grammatically essential, and brackets indicate that the inserted constituent is not essential or can be optionally omitted. 2.2.3. Conjugation Information There are two different types of information provided for Japanese conjugation information: word form information (Table 2-4) and conjugation type information for conjugating headwords. Conjugation type information, which indicates how the headword inflects, is further divided into verb conjugation (Table 2-5), adjective conjugation (Table 2-6) and adjectival noun conjugation (Table 2-7). Auxiliary verbs whose conjugation type is regular are covered in the aforementioned framework. However, all forms of auxiliary verbs and other words whose conjugation does not fall into one of these types are registered as independent word entries and given word form and conjugation information. Conjugational endings, also registered as separate word entries, are also given word form information. 2-8 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY 2.2.4. Surface Case, Aspect and Function Word Information Included in the grammatical information of the Japanese Word Dictionary is surface case information for predicates (Table 2-8 and 2-9), aspect information for verbs (Table 2-10), and function word information (Table 2-11, 2-12 and 2-13). Surface case information is only given for case markings which are obligatory. The following is considered optional and thus no case information code is assigned: (1) the particle 'ni' when used to indicate time; (2) the particle 'de' when used to indicate time, place, scene, cause, reason, or grounds for; (3) the particle 'made' when used to indicate time or place (excluding predicates which show a strong relationship to time or place, such as in '(4 ji made) matsu', '(eki made) chikai', etc.; (4) the particle 'kara' when used to indicate time, place, cause, or reason (excluding predicates which show a strong relationship to time or place, such as '(4 ji made) matsu', '(eki made) toi', etc.). Aspect and function word information are given in the form of codes. Aspect classification for verbs is thought to be the most important element when analyzing sentence aspect. Such information can be obtained from the aspect codes. Function word information groups function words that share the same function. 2.3. Semantic Information Semantic information is composed of the concept identifier, the headconcept, and the concept explication. The concept identifier, headconcept and concept explication provide the basic information for the concepts in the Concept Dictionary. Upon hearing or seeing a word, a person can conjure up a number of images associated with that word. Some images are objective and stable and are not influenced by a particular situation. Such images are referred to as 'concepts'. Concepts provide the information necessary to discriminate between the various meanings of the words contained in the Japanese Word Dictionary. The concepts are similar to the word senses noted in paper-based dictionaries but differ in the sense that they are not language dependent. 2.3.1. Concept Identifier The concept identifier is a numerical representation of the concept and maintains the identity (uniqueness) of the concept. Concept identifiers are given to all words in the dictionary and provide the link between the Japanese Word Dictionary and the Concept Dictionary. 2-9 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY 2.3.2. Headconcept and Concept Explication In addition to the concept identifier, content words are also supplied with a headconcept and a concept explication. Content words are words that have independent and concrete concepts. Content words in Japanese are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns, adverbs, adnouns, and phrasals. Headconcepts are described in both English and Japanese by a headword that best represents the concept. For Japanese-specific concepts where a suitable representative English headword does not exist, an English headconcept is not provided. The concept explication is a written explanation of the concept, and is provided in order to help people distinguish the various concepts of a word. Example of Semantic Information ___________________________________________________________________________ Headword Japanese English Japanese Con- English Concept Ex- Headcon- Headcon- cept Explica- plication ___________cept_________cept_________tion__________________________________ 犬[イヌ] 犬[イヌ] dog 犬という動物 an animal called dog 犬[イヌ] スパイ [ス spy スパイという役 a person who spys ___________パイ]_____________________割の人________________________________ For detailed information regarding concepts, refer to Chapter 4 Concept Dictionary. 2.4. Pragmatic and Supplementary Information Pragmatic and Supplementary Information is composed of usage and frequency information. Pragmatic and supplementary information can be used to evaluate the probability of word occurrence for sentence generation and analysis. 2.4.1. Usage Some words have a strong tendency to be used in certain ways or in particular situations. Usage information (Table 2-14) is given in order to facilitate the processing of sentences containing words which exhibit these tendencies. 2.4.2. Frequency There are two different values provided as frequency information. One value indicates the number of times the headword appears in the Japanese Corpus. The other value indicates the number of times the headword with a particular concept occurs in the Japanese Corpus. 2-10 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Example of Frequency ________________________________________________________________________ Headword Concept Explication in Concept Occurrence Fre- Japanese quency for Word /Oc- currence Frequency of _______________________________________________Word_____________________ 食べる[タベ・ル] 食物をとる 492/531 食べる[タベ・ル]___生計を立てる________________18/531___________________ 2.5. Management Information The management information of the Japanese Word Dictionary contains the management history record. The management history record provides information such as date of creation or record update. 2.a Tables 2-1 Left Adjacency Attributes Used in The Japanese Word Dictionary 2-2 Right Adjacency Attributes Used in The Japanese Word Dictionary 2-3 Part of Speech Assignments 2-4 Word Form Information 2-5 Verb Conjugation Patterns 2-6 Adjective Conjugation Patterns 2-7 Adjectival-Noun Conjugation Patterns 2-8 Surface Case Particles for Verbs 2-9 Surface Case Particles for Adjectives 2-10 Surface Case Particles for Adjectival Nouns 2-11 Function Word Codes: Particles and Particle Equivalents 2-12 Function Word Codes: Auxiliary Verbs and Auxiliary Verb Equivalents 2-13 Other Function Word Codes: Formal Nouns, Classifiers, Conjunctions 2-14 Usage 2-11 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-1 Left Adjacency Attributes Used in the Japanese Word Dictionary _______________________________________________________________________________ ___Category_______Code________Example___________________Explanation____________ Common Noun JLN1 仕様書 Words that belong to the category of common nouns (JN1), excluding the verbal nouns and pronouns described below Proper nouns JLN2 楊子江 Names for places, persons, things, etc. Verbal nouns JLN3 決断, 通信, 委 Words that can be both nouns and ("Suru"-verb 譲 s-consonant irregular conjugation stem) verbs Pronouns JLN4 私, これ, それ Demonstrative and personal pronouns Formal nouns JLN5 こと, もの, は Words that always require adnomi- ず nals. Words in this category have an incomplete concept and cannot specify a referent by themselves. Numerals JLN6 ２, 千, 億 Numerals that make up numerical se- quences, such as Arabic, Roman, and Chinese numerals, and words that represent base ten numerical units in the decimal system Temporal nouns JLN7 明日, それ位 Words that can function as both nouns (by preceding a case-marking particle, such as が or を, and by modifying a predicate) and adverbs (by modifying a predicate without a case marker without a case marking particle, and which modify apredi- cate), with the same concept. Words in this category do not al- ways represent a time-related con- cept. Words representing quantity or degree are also included in this category if they can function as both nouns and adverbs. Symbols JLN8 ａ Character symbols (letter) that do not have a specific concept but that have a specifying function Verbs JLV1 置(く), 行な Predicates whose predicative form (う) ends in the "u"-vowel. Predicates that contain the s-consonant irreg- ular verb form which are not verbal nouns are also included. Adjectives JLA1 大き(い), 難し Predicates whose predicative form ("I"- (い) ends in い vowel adjectives) 2-12 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Adjectival JLM1 きれい(だ), (1) Predicates whose predicative nouns ("Na"- 堂々(たる) form ends in だ. Adjectival nouns adjectives) do not precede case-marking parti- cles, such as が or を. This marks the difference from nouns which precede だ. Furthermore, adjec- tival nouns cannot be adverbials by their stems only. This marks the difference from the adverbs which precede だ. The standard adnominal form ends in な. However, some ad- jectival nouns become adnominals without な or with の as in the ex- amples 同じ本 and 久し振りの会食. Adjectival nouns can become adver- bials when preceding the standard infinitive form に. However, there are some adjectival nouns that can not precede the に-form. (2) Predicates whose adnominalform is たる and whose infinitive form isと, are also included in this category. They are called "taruto" conjugation adjectival nouns. Adverbs JLD2 まだ, ほとんど Words that function as adverbials (の子供) on their own. Adverbs that denote quantity, degree, or manner can modify a noun with the の adnominal form. Adnouns JLR1 ある, あの, い Words that only function as adnomi- かなる, あらゆ nals. Demonstrative adnouns are る also included. Conjunctions JLC1 および, かつ, Conjunctions that can be used to that can appear または, あるい join words or sentences. in the middle は of a sentence Conjunctions JLC3 なにしろ, それ Conjunctions used to join sen- that can appear で tences. at the head of a sentence Exclamations JLT1 ありがとう, Words that represent the speaker's どっこいしょ feelings, or response to something. They have no conjugation, cannot be modifiers, and are always indepen- dently used. Nominal suf- JSF1 類, 制, (地域, Suffixes that can follow both nouns fixes 通信)別 and verbal nouns Verbal noun JSF6 (考慮)でき(る), Verbal auxiliaries and suffixes suffixes (横領)罪 that only follow verbal nouns Proper noun JSF4 (大島)宅, (ＥＤ Suffixes that follow proper nouns suffixes Ｒ)製 Personal noun JSF5 達, (木村)君, Suffixes that follow personal or suffixes (学校長)殿 proper nouns 2-13 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Units and JSF7 (１０個)強 Suffixes that follow units and counter suf- counter suffixes fixes Temporal noun JSF8 (三日)頃, (午前 Suffixes that follow words suffixes 四時)前, 過ぎ representing time Units JSF9 (１)ｍ, (１０キ Units that follow numerals or SI ロ)グラム, (２ prefixes ５ナノ)秒 Counter suf- JSFA (二)本, (十)冊, Words that follow numerals and sig- fixes and SI- (２５)ミリ nify what the number is referring prefixes to Commas JLS1 「、」, 「，」 A comma or other symbol that serves as a comma Periods JLS2 「。」, 「．」 A period or other symbol that serves as aperiod Conjoining JL00H (生)か(死)か particle か Predicative JL00E (行く）か particle か Adverbial JL00F (気のせい)か particle か Conjunctive JL01S (仕事する)かた particle かたわら わら Predicative JL02E (休もう)かな particle かな Relational JL03K (来ない)かもし particle かも れない Case marking JL04C (明日)から particle から Conjoining JL04H (次)から(次) particle から Conjunctive JL04S (欲しい)から(買 particle から う) Adverbial JL04F (こうなった)か particle から ら(は) Case marking JL05C (私)が(行く) particle が Conjunctive JL05S (雨だ)が(行く) particle が 2-14 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Predicative JL05E (休みです)が particle が Relational JL06K (それっ)きり particle きり Adverbial JL07F (どれ)くらい particle くらい Conjunctive JL08S (行きたい)けれ particle けれど ど(行けない) Predicative JL08E (休みです)けれ particle けれど ど Conjunctive JL09S (行きたい)けれ particle けれども ども(行けない) Predicative JL09E (休みです)けれ particle けれども ども Relational JL10K (今日)こそ particle こそ Interjection JL11I (だって)さ particle さ Adverbial JL12F (お金)さえ(あれ particle さえ ば) Conjunctive JL13S (雨は降る)し(風 particle し は吹く)し Relational JL14K (これだけ)しか particleしか (ない) Adverbial JL15F (誰)しも particle しも Adverbial JL16F (足し算)すら(で particle すら きない) Adverbial JL17F (一人)ずつ particle ずつ Predicative JL18E (俺は行く)ぜ particle ぜ Predicative JL19E (さあ行く)ぞ particle ぞ Conjunctive JL20S (雨が降っ)たっ particle たって て(行く) Adverbial JL21F (彼っ)たら(どう particle たら しようもない) Predicative JL21E (だめだっ)たら particle たら Conjoining JL22H (行っ)たり(来) particle たり たり Adverbial JL23F (二人)だけ(で particle だけ 話す) Conjoining JL24H (犬)だの(猫)だ particle だの の Adverbial JL24F particle だの Conjunctive JL25S (歩き)つつ particle つつ Conjunctive JL26S (歩い)て(行く) particle て Relational JL27K (歩い)ては(いけ particle ては ない) Conjunctive JL28S (歩い)ても(よい) particle ても Case marking JL29C (鉛筆)で(書く) particle で Conjunctive JL29S (飲ん)で(寝る) particle で Case marking JL30C (妻)と(話し合う) particle と Conjoining JL30H (罪)と(罰) particle と Conjunctive JL30S (起きる)と(朝だ particle と った) Conjoining JL31H (掃除)とか(洗濯) particle とか Adverbial JL31F (田中)とか(いう particle とか 人) Conjunctive JL32S (試した)ところ particle ところが が(無駄だった) Conjunctive JL33S (試した)ところ particle ところで で(無駄だ) Conjunctive JL34S (試した)とて(ど particle とて うにもならない) Adverbial JL34F (名人)とて(でき particle とて ない) Relational JL35K (優勝する)とは particle とは (おどろいた) Predicative JL36E (彼はきっと来る) particle とも とも Conjunctive JL36S (何を言おう)とも particle とも (無駄だ) Conjunctive JL37S (寒いといえ)ど particle ど Adverbial JL38F (旅行)どころ(で particle どころ はない) Conjunctive JL39S (晴れる)どころか particle どころか (雨だった) Conjunctive JL40S (行け)ども particle ども Interjection JL41I (あの)な particle な Conjunctive JL42S (歩き)ながら(食 particle ながら べる) Conjoining JL43H particle など Adverbial JL43F (掃除)など(した) particle など Conjunctive JL44S (休む)なら(休め) particle なら Conjoining JL45H (歩く)なり(走る) particle なり なり、しろ Conjunctive JL45S (帰る)なり(倒れ particle なり た) Adverbial JL45F (どこへ)なり(行 particle なり ってしまえ) Conjoining JL46H particle なんか Adverbial JL46F (仕事)なんか(で particle なんか きない) Adverbial JL47F (仕事)なんて(で particle なんて きない) Case marking JL48C (学校)に(行く) particle に Conjunctive JL48S (私が思う)に particle に Case marking JL49C (これ)にて(失礼 particle にて します) Predicative JL50E (きれいだ)ね particle ね Interjection JL50I (息子が)ね(合格 particle ね したんだ) Case marking JL51N (野)の(花)、 particle の (雨)の(降る日) Nominalizing JL51J (来る)の(が遅い) particle の Predicative JL51E (君は行く)の particle の Conjunctive JL52S (雨が降る)ので particle ので (中止だ) Conjunctive JL53S (雨が降る)のに particle のに (決行する) Predicative JL53E (君も来ればよか particle のに った)のに Adverbial JL54F (苦しきこと)のみ particle のみ (多かりき) Relational JL55K (本日)は(晴天な) particle は り) Conjunctive JL56S (犬も歩け)ば(棒 particle ば にあたる) Conjoining JL57H particle ばかり Aderbial JL57F (あいつ)ばかり particle ばかり (ほめられる) Case marking JL58C (病院)へ(行く) particle へ Adverbial JL59F (諦める)ほか particle ほか (ない) Adverbial JL60F (去年)ほど(暑 particle ほど くない) Case marking JL61C (京都)まで(行 particle まで く) Conjoining JL61H (東京から京都) particle まで まで 2-15.1 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Relational JL62K (明日)も(雨だ) particle も Predicative JL63E (ぼくが悪いん particle もの だ)もの Conjunctive JL64S (晴れた)ものの particle ものの (寒かった) Conjunctive JL65S (つまらぬ)もの particle ものゆえ ゆえ(お気づかい Conjoining JL66H (犬)や(猫) particle や Conjunctive JL66S (金をつかむ)や particle や (走り出した) Adverbial JL66F (地震がある)や particle や (もしれません) Predicative JL66E (一杯飲もう)や particle や Interjection JL66I (太郎)や(ここに particle や おいで) Conjunctive JL67S (家に帰る)やい particle やいなや なや(倒れた) Conjoining JL68H (犬)やら(猫) particle やら Adverbial JL68F (何のこと)やら particle やら (分からない) Predicative JL68E (いつ来る)やら particle やら Conjunctive JL69S (帰る)ゆえ(車を particle ゆえ 頼む) Predicative JL70E (今行く)よ particle よ Case marking JL71C (富士山)より(高 particle より い) Predicative JL72E (困った)わ particle わ Case marking JL73C (本)を(読む) particle を Nominalizing JL74J (歩く)ん(だ) particle ん Conjunctive JL75S (弱い)くせに particle くせに (いばるな) Conjunctive JL76S (今行く)さかい particle さかい (待ちなはれ) Conjunctive JL77S (死ん)じゃ(何 particle じゃ もならない) Conjunctive JL78S (今さら悔やん)だ particle だって って(もう遅い) Conjoining JL79H (飲ん)だり(食っ) particle だり たり Relational JL80K (帰っ)ちゃ(いけ particle ちゃ ない) Predicative JL80E (もう帰らなくっ) particle ちゃ ちゃ Case marking JL81C (私)って(馬鹿ね) particle って Adverbial JL82F (彼)ってば(私に particle ってば ぞっこんなのよ) Predicative JL82E (早くっ)てば particle ってば Relational JL83K (ボールペン)では particle では (いけませんか) Adverbial JL84F (ボールペン)でも particle でも (いいですか) Conjunctive JL84S (死ん)でも(治らな particle でも い) Relational JL85K (彼)ならでは(でき particle ならでは ない) Predicative JL86E (誰が行く)ものか particle ものか Adverbial JL87F (りんご、みかん) particle etc. etc. 2-15.2 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Aux. verb せる JLW1 (行か)せ(る), Auxiliary verbs that follow the (話さ)せ(る), subjunctive form of "go-dan" conju- (見)せ(る) gation verbs, the subjunctive form さ of s-consonant irregular conju- gation verbs, and "ichi-dan" conju- gation verb stems Aux. verb られ JLW2 (軽んぜ)られ Auxiliary verbs that follow the る (る), (こ)られ subjunctive form ぜ of z-consonant (る), (見)られ irregular conjugation verbs, the (る) subjunctive form こ of k-consonant irregular conjugation verbs, and "ichi-dan" conjugation verb stems Aux. verb しめ JLW3 (行か)しめ(る) Auxiliary verbs that follow the る subjunctive form of "go-dan" conju- せ of s-consonant irregular conju- gation verbs, the subjunctive form ぜ of z-consonant irregular conju- gation verbs, and the subjunctive form of k-consonant irregular con- jugation verbs Aux. verb ない JLW4 (行か)な(い), Auxiliary verbs that follow the (美しく)な(い) subjunctive form of verbs and the infinitive form of adjectives and adjectival nouns, etc. Aux. verb ぬ JLW5 (行か)ぬ, (な Auxiliary verbs that follow the ら)ぬ subjunctive form of predicates Aux. verb う JLW6 (行こ)う Auxiliary verbs that follow the subjunctive form of "go-dan" conju- gation verbs, adjectives, adjec- tival nouns and some auxiliary verbs Aux. verb よう JLW7 (見)よう Auxiliary verbs that follow the subjunctive form of verbs excepting "go-dan" conjugation verbs, and some auxiliary verbs Aux. verb まい JLW8 (行く) まい (行 Auxiliary verbs that follow the きます) まい, predicative form of "go-dan" conju- (中止し)まい, gation verbs and the auxiliary verb (来る)まい, (見 ます, the subjunctive for し of s- る)まい consonant irregular conjugation verbs, and the adnominal form of k-consonant irregular conjugation verbs and "ichi-dan" conjugation verbs Aux. verb ます JLW9 ます Auxiliary verbs that follow the in- finitiveform of predicates Aux. verb た JLWA (行っ)た Perfect tense auxiliary verb 2-16 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Aux. verb だ JLWB (遊ん)だ This だ is the euphonic form of the marking perfect auxiliary verb た and is different tense from the だ which marks the speaker's conclusion, such as 花だ. Aux. verb そう JLWC (行き)そう(だ) だ to convey manner Aux. verb たい JLWD (行き)た(い) Aux. verb そう JLWE (行く)そうだ だ for reported speech Aux. verb らし JLWF (行く)らし(い), い (あなた)らし (い) Aux. verb だ JLWG (あなた)だ marking the speaker's con- clusion Aux. verb だろ JLWH (行く)だろ(う), う (あなた)だろ (う) Aux. verb です JLWI (あなた)です Aux. verb で JLWJ (あなた) でしょ しょう (う) Aux. verb よう JLWK (行く)よう(だ), だ (鳥の)よう(だ) Aux. verb べし JLWL (歩く)べし Auxiliary verb that follows the predicative form of verbs. Verbal suf JLWM (これ見よ)がし Suffix that follows the imperarive form fix がし form of verbs. Verbal aux. でき JLWN (参加)できる Verbal auxiliary that follows verbal nouns る and the infinitive form of verbs. Verbal aux. する JLWP (白く)する Verbal auxiliary that follows the infinitive (静かに)する form of adjectives and adjectival nouns. Verbal aux. に及 JSFV (来る)に及ば Verbal auxiliary that follows verbal nouns ばな ない and the predicative form of verbs. い Adverbial 時刻 JLNA (その)時刻 Adverbial noun that is used as adverb when noun it is modified by adnoun. K-consonant JSVK か, き, い, く, "go-dan" conju- け, こ gation endings G-consonant JSVG が, ぎ, い, ぐ, "go-dan" conju- げ, ご gation endings S-consonant JSVS さ, し, す, せ, "go-dan" conju- そ gation endings T-consonant JSVT た, ち, っ, つ, "go-dan" conju- て, と gation endings N-consonant JSVN な, に, ん, ぬ, "go-dan" conju- ね, の gation endings B-consonant JSVB ば, び, ん, ぶ, "go-dan" conju- べ, ぼ gation endings M-consonant JSVM ま, み, ん, む, "go-dan" conju- め, も gation endings R-consonant JSVR ら, り, っ, る, "go-dan" conju- れ, ろ gation endings W-consonant JSVW わ, い, っ, う, "go-dan" conju- え, お gation endings 2-17 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY "Ichi-dan" con- JSV1 る, れ, ろ jugation end- ings S-consonant ir- JSV2 し, さ, せ, し, regular conju- する, すれ, し gation endings ろ, せよ Z-consonant ir- JSV3 じ, ぜ, じ, ず regular conju- る, ずれ, じろ, gation endings ぜよ K-consonant ir- JSV4 こ, き, くる, regular conju- くれ, こい gation endings "Iku" conjuga- JSV5 か, き, っ, く, tion endings け, こ "Aru" conjuga- JSV6 ら, り, っ, る, tion endings れ, ろ "Ossharu" con- JSV7 ら, り, い, っ, jugation end- る, れ, ろ, い ings (よ) Words that fol- JSA0 (すずし)げ, (う Suffixes that follow adjective low adjective れし)さ, (美し) stems, and special adjective conju- stems き gation endings Adjective con- JSA1 かろ, く, かっ, jugation end- う, い, けれ ings 1 Adjective con- JSA2 かろ, く, かっ, Adjective conjugation endings that jugation end- ゅう, い, けれ follow adjective stem ending in an ings 2 "i"-vowel, such as (美し)ゅう Aux.verb ない JSA3 かろ, く, かっ, conjugation い, い, けれ endings Words that fol- JSM0 (静か)さ, (静 Suffixes that follow adjectival low adjectival か)じゃ noun stems, and special adjectival noun stems noun conjugation endings not in- cluded among the adjective endings below Adjectival noun JSM1 だろ, だっ, で, Standard d-consonant conjugation d-consonant に, だ, な, な endings of adjectival nouns conjugation ら, な(のに) endings Adjectival noun JSM2 だろ, だっ, で, Adjectival noun conjugation endings d-consonant だ, な, なら, for adjectives that have the same conjugation な(のに) inflection pattern as '危険だ' endings 2 Adjectival noun JSM3 だろ, だっ, で, Adjectival noun conjugation endings d-consonant に, だ, な, な for adjectival nouns that have the conjugation ら, の, な(の same inflection pattern as '癪だ' endings 3 に) 2-18 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Adjectival noun JSM4 だろ, だっ, で, Adjectival noun conjugation endings d-consonant だ, な, なら, for adjectival nouns that have the conjugation の, な(のに) same inflection pattern as '多額だ endings 4 ', etc. Adjectival noun JSMA だろ, だっ, で, Adjectival noun conjugation endings d-consonant に, だ, なら, for adjectival nouns that have the conjugation の, な(のに) same inflection pattern as '久ぶり endings A だ', etc. Adjectival noun JSM5 だろ, だっ, で, Adjectival noun conjugation endings d-consonant に, だ, なら, for adjectival nouns that have the conjugation な(のに) same inflection pattern as 'こんな endings 5 だ', etc. Adjectival noun JSM7 と, たる, の Adjectival noun conjugation endings "taruto" conju- for adjectival nouns that have the gation endings same inflection pattern as '堂々た 7 る', etc. Adjectival noun JSM8 と, たる Adjectival noun conjugation endings "taruto" conju- for adjectival nouns that have the gation endings same inflection pattern as '洋洋た 8___________________________________________る',_etc.__________________________ 2-19 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-2 Right Adjacency Attributes Used in the Japanese Word Dictionary _______________________________________________________________________________ ___Category_______Code________Example___________________Explanation____________ Common nouns JRN1 衛生, 政権 Words whose parts of speech are common nouns, excluding personal and verbal nouns, and personal and demon strative pronouns as described belo Proper nouns JRN2 楊子江 Names for places, persons, things, etc. Personal nouns JRN3 長老, 首相, 助 Nouns that precede personal noun 役 suffixes, such as 君, 殿, 達 Verbal nouns JRN4 任命, 作業, 移 Words that can be both nouns and 動 s-consonant irregular conjugation verbs. They can precede both case-marking particles, such as が or を and the verb する. Words that function as s-consonant irreg- ular conjugation verbs but not as nouns, are not included in this category. They are categorized as belonging to the s-(JRV2) or z- (JRV3) consonant irregular conjuga- tion verb stem group. For example, 勉強 in theusage 勉強を始めるis categorized here, because it means the act of studying. However, 勉強 in the usage 勉強がだんだん難しくな る is categorized as a common noun(JRN1), because here it means the content of the studies. Furth- ermore, 託 in 託する is categorized as belonging to the s-consonant ir- regular conjugation verb stem group(JRV2), because it does not function as a noun. Personal pro- JRN5 私, 彼, 彼女 nouns Demonstrative JRN6 これ, それ, あ pronouns れ Formal nouns JRN7 こと, もの, は Words that always require adnomi- ず nals. Words in this category have an incomplete concept and cannot specify a referent by themselves. Numerals JRN8 ２, 千 Numerals that make up numerical se- quences, such as Arabic, Roman, and Chinese numerals, and words that represent base ten numerical units in the decimal system. Words in this category have the left adja- cency attribute, Numerals(JLN6). 2-20 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Temporal nouns JRN9 今日 Words that can function as both nouns (by following a case marking particle, such as が or を, and by modifying a predicate) and adverbs (without a case-marking particle, and which modify a predicate), in the same concept. Words in this category do not always represent a time-related concept. Words representing quantity or degree are also included in this category if they can function as both nouns and adverbs. Symbols JRNA ａ Character symbols without any specific concept attached. Units JRNB (１)ｍ, (５０) Units that can precede numerals. ｃｍ Words in this category have the left adjacency attribute, Units(JSF9). Base ten unit JRND 万, 億, 兆 The number of unit places of a car- place figures dinal number in the decimal system. in the decimal Words in this category have the system left adjacency attribute, Numerals(JLN6). Counter suf- JRNE (１)本, (１)バ Units of things that are not able fixes イト to precede counter suffixes nor numerals. Word in this category have the left adjacency attribute, Counter suffixes and SI- prefixes(JSFA). SI-prefixes JRNF ギガ(ビット) Prefixes that precede units. Words in this category have the left ad- jacency attribute, Counter suffixes and SI-prefixes(JSFA). K-consonant JRVK 聞, 招 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems G-consonant JRVG 脱, 泳 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems S-consonant JRVS 貸, 残 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems T-consonant JRVT 勝, 育 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems 2-21 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY N-consonant JRVN 死 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems B-consonant JRVB 呼, 遊 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems M-consonant JRVM 読, 望 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems R-consonant JRVR 居 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems W-consonant JRVW 会, 思 "go-dan" conju- gation verb stems "Ichi-dan" con- JRV1 射, 着, 見 jugation verb stems S-consonant ir- JRV2 称(する) regular conju- gation verb stems Z-consonant ir- JRV3 感(ずる) regular conju- gation verb stems K-consonant ir- JRV4 やっ(くる) regular conju- gation verb stems "Iku" conjuga- JRV5 行 tion verb stems "Aru" conjuga- JRV6 あ(る) tion verb stems "Ossharu " con- JRV7 おっしゃ, くだ jugation verb さ,いらっしゃ stems Adjective stems JRA1 少な(い) Adjective stems not ending in the "i"-vowel Adjective stems JRA2 大き(い), 美し The adjectives in this category ending in the (い) take the euphonic infinitive form, "i"-vowel such as きゅう or しゅう, when the auxiliary verb う follows. Stems of the JRA3 (し) な(い) Aux. verb ない 2-22 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY D-consonant JRM1 静か(だ) Adjectival nouns that precede stan- conjugation ad- dard conjugation endings(JSM1) jectival noun stems 1 D-consonant JRM2 危険(だ) Adjectival nouns that do not have conjugation ad- the infinitive form ending in に jectival noun stems 2 D-consonant JRM3 無心(の) Adjectival nouns that also have the conjugation ad- adnominal form ending in の jectival noun stems 3 D-consonant JRM4 多額(の) Adjectival nouns that do not have conjugation ad- the infinitive form ending in に, jectival noun and have the adnominal form ending stems 4 in の D-consonant JRMA 久し振り(だ) Adjectival nouns that have the ad- conjugation ad- nominal form ending in の, and do jectival noun not have the adnominal form ending stems A in な D-consonant JRM5 こんな(物) Adjectival nouns that can directly conjugation ad- modify a noun. These do not have jectival noun the adnominal form ending in な. stems 5 D-consonant JRM9 多角的(だ) Adjectival nouns that can directly conjugation ad- modify a noun. They precede stan- jectival noun dard conjugation endings(JSM1), so stems 9 they may also modify a noun with the adnominal form ending in な. "Taruto" conju- JRM7 堂々 "Taruto" conjugation adjectival gation adjec- nouns that precede standard conju- tival noun gation endings(JSM7) stems "Taruto" conju- JRM8 洋々 "Taruto" conjugation adjectival gation adjec- nouns that do not have the adnomial tival noun form stems 8 ending in の Adverbs that do JRD2 めったに Verbal modifier not precede any particles Adverbs that JRD3 すっきり can precede the particle と Adverbs that JRD4 わりあい can precede the particle に 2-23 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Adverbs that JRD5 だんだん can precede the particle と or に Adverbs that JRD6 大抵 can precede the particle の Adverbs that JRD7 遥々 can precede the particle の or と Adverbs that JRD8 なまじ can precede the particle の or に Adverbs that JRD9 あちこち can precede the particle の, と, or に Adverbs that JRDA わざと Adverb cannot precede 'の', 'と' or can precede the 'に'. auxiliary verb だ Adverbs that JRDB のんびり can precede the auxiliary verb だ or the par- ticle と Adverbs that JRDC なぜ can precede the auxiliary verb だ or the par- ticle に Adverbs that JRDD (頭が)がんがん can precede the auxiliary verb だ or the par- ticle と or に Adverbs that JRDE いよいよ can precede the auxiliary verb だ or the par- ticle の Adverbs that JRDF たっぷり can precede the auxiliary verb だ or the par- ticle の or と Adverbs that JRDG 相当 can precede the auxiliary verb だ or the par- ticle の or に 2-24 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Adverbs that JRDH ぎちぎち can precede the auxiliary verb だ or the par- ticle の, と, or に Adnouns JRR1 ある, いかなる, Words that can only be adnomial あらゆる, あの modifiers. This category includes demonstrative adnouns. Conjunctions 1 JRC1 けれど, しかし, Conjunctions that joins sentences ところが or phrases Conjunctions 2 JRC2 および, かつ Conjunctions that joins words, phrases or sentences Exclamations JRT1 ありがとう, Words that represent the speaker's どっこいしょ emotions, callings, or replies. They have no conjugation, cannot be modifiers, and are always indepen- dently used. Prefixes JRP1 初(孫), 副(読 Prefixes that modify nominals preceding nomi- 本) nals Prefixes JRP2 薄ら(笑う) Prefixes that modify verbs preceding verbs Counter pre- JRP3 約, 第 fixes Prefixes JRP4 べた(一面), 生 Prefixes that modify adjectives and preceding both (暖かい) adjectival nouns adjectives and adjectival nouns Prefixes JRP5 ほの(暗い) Prefixes that only modify adjec- preceding ad- tives jectives Prefixes JRP6 不(自然だ) Prefixes that only modify adjec- preceding ad- tival nouns jectival nouns Prefixes JRP7 丸(暗記する), Prefixes that modify verbal nouns preceding ver- 再(出発する) bal nouns Commas JRS1 「、」, 「，」 A comma or symbol that serves as a comma Periods JRS2 「。」, 「．」 A period or or symbol that serves as a period Conjoining JR00H (生)か(死)か particle か Predicative JR00E (行く）か particle か Adverbial JR00F (気のせい)か particle か Conjunctive JR01S (仕事する)かた particle かたわら わら Predicative JR02E (休もう)かな particle かな 2-25 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Relational JR03K (来ない)かもし particle かも れない Case marking JR04C (明日)から particle から Conjoining JR04H (次)から(次) particle から Conjunctive JR04S (欲しい)から(買 particle から う) Adverbial JR04F (こうなった)か particle から ら(は) Case marking JR05C (私)が(行く) particle が Conjunctive JR05S (雨だ)が(行く) particle が Predicative JR05E (休みです)が particle が Relational JR06K (それっ)きり particle きり Adverbial JR07F (どれ)くらい particle くらい Conjunctive JR08S (行きたい)けれ particle けれど ど(行けない) Predicative JR08E (休みです)けれ particle けれど ど Conjunctive JR09S (行きたい)けれ particle けれども ども(行けない) Predicative JR09E (休みです)けれ particle けれども ども Relational JR10K (今日)こそ particle こそ Interjection JR11I (だって)さ particle さ Adverbial JR12F (お金)さえ(あれ particle さえ ば) Conjunctive JR13S (雨は降る)し(風 particle し は吹く)し Relational JR14K (これだけ)しか particleしか (ない) Adverbial JR15F (誰)しも particle しも Adverbial JR16F (足し算)すら(で particle すら きない) Adverbial JR17F (一人)ずつ particle ずつ Predicative JR18E (俺は行く)ぜ particle ぜ Predicative JR19E (さあ行く)ぞ particle ぞ Conjunctive JR20S (雨が降っ)たっ particle たって て(行く) Adverbial JR21F (彼っ)たら(どう 2-26.1 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY particle たら しようもない) Predicative JR21E (だめだっ)たら particle たら Conjoining JR22H (行っ)たり(来) particle たり たり Adverbial JR23F (二人)だけ(で particle だけ 話す) Conjoining JR24H (犬)だの(猫)だ particle だの の Adverbial JR24F particle だの Conjunctive JR25S (歩き)つつ particle つつ Conjunctive JR26S (歩い)て(行く) particle て Relational JR27K (歩い)ては(いけ particle ては ない) Conjunctive JR28S (歩い)ても(よい) particle ても Case marking JR29C (鉛筆)で(書く) particle で Conjunctive JR29S (飲ん)で(寝る) particle で Case marking JR30C (妻)と(話し合う) particle と Conjoining JR30H (罪)と(罰) particle と Conjunctive JR30S (起きる)と(朝だ particle と った) Conjoining JR31H (掃除)とか(洗濯) particle とか Adverbial JR31F (田中)とか(いう particle とか 人) Conjunctive JR32S (試した)ところ particle ところが が(無駄だった) Conjunctive JR33S (試した)ところ particle ところで で(無駄だ) Conjunctive JR34S (試した)とて(ど particle とて うにもならない) Adverbial JR34F (名人)とて(でき particle とて ない) Relational JR35K (優勝する)とは particle とは (おどろいた) Predicative JR36E (彼はきっと来る) particle とも とも Conjunctive JR36S (何を言おう)とも particle とも (無駄だ) Conjunctive JR37S (寒いといえ)ど particle ど Adverbial JR38F (旅行)どころ(で particle どころ はない) Conjunctive JR39S (晴れる)どころか particle どころか (雨だった) Conjunctive JR40S (行け)ども particle ども Interjection JR41I (あの)な particle な 2-26.2 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Conjunctive JR42S (歩き)ながら(食 particle ながら べる) Conjoining JR43H particle など Adverbial JR43F (掃除)など(した) particle など Conjunctive JR44S (休む)なら(休め) particle なら Conjoining JR45H (歩く)なり(走る) particle なり なり、しろ Conjunctive JR45S (帰る)なり(倒れ particle なり た) Adverbial JR45F (どこへ)なり(行 particle なり ってしまえ) Conjoining JR46H particle なんか Adverbial JR46F (仕事)なんか(で particle なんか きない) Adverbial JR47F (仕事)なんて(で particle なんて きない) Case marking JR48C (学校)に(行く) particle に Conjunctive JR48S (私が思う)に particle に Case marking JR49C (これ)にて(失礼 particle にて します) Predicative JR50E (きれいだ)ね particle ね Interjection JR50I (息子が)ね(合格 particle ね したんだ) Case marking JR51N (野)の(花)、 particle の (雨)の(降る日) Nominalizing JR51J (来る)の(が遅い) particle の Predicative JR51E (君は行く)の particle の Conjunctive JR52S (雨が降る)ので particle ので (中止だ) Conjunctive JR53S (雨が降る)のに particle のに (決行する) Predicative JR53E (君も来ればよか particle のに った)のに Adverbial JR54F (苦しきこと)のみ particle のみ (多かりき) Relational JR55K (本日)は(晴天な) particle は り) Conjunctive JR56S (犬も歩け)ば(棒 particle ば にあたる) Conjoining JR57H particle ばかり Aderbial JR57F (あいつ)ばかり particle ばかり (ほめられる) Case marking JR58C (病院)へ(行く) particle へ Adverbial JR59F (諦める)ほか particle ほか (ない) Adverbial JR60F (去年)ほど(暑 particle ほど くない) 2-26.3 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Case marking JR61C (京都)まで(行 particle まで く) Conjoining JR61H (東京から京都) particle まで まで Relational JR62K (明日)も(雨だ) particle も Predicative JR63E (ぼくが悪いん particle もの だ)もの Conjunctive JR64S (晴れた)ものの particle ものの (寒かった) Conjunctive JR65S (つまらぬ)もの particle ものゆえ ゆえ(お気づかい なく) Conjoining JR66H (犬)や(猫) particle や Conjunctive JR66S (金をつかむ)や particle や (走り出した) Adverbial JR66F (地震がある)や particle や (もしれません) Predicative JR66E (一杯飲もう)や particle や Interjection JR66I (太郎)や(ここに particle や おいで) Conjunctive JR67S (家に帰る)やい particle やいなや なや(倒れた) Conjoining JR68H (犬)やら(猫) particle やら Adverbial JR68F (何のこと)やら particle やら (分からない) Predicative JR68E (いつ来る)やら particle やら Conjunctive JR69S (帰る)ゆえ(車を particle ゆえ 頼む) Predicative JR70E (今行く)よ particle よ Case marking JR71C (富士山)より(高 particle より い) Predicative JR72E (困った)わ particle わ Case marking JR73C (本)を(読む) particle を Nominalizing JR74J (歩く)ん(だ) particle ん Conjunctive JR75S (弱い)くせに particle くせに (いばるな) Conjunctive JR76S (今行く)さかい particle さかい (待ちなはれ) Conjunctive JR77S (死ん)じゃ(何 particle じゃ もならない) Conjunctive JR78S (今さら悔やん)だ particle だって って(もう遅い) Conjoining JR79H (飲ん)だり(食っ) 2-26.4 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY particle だり たり Relational JR80K (帰っ)ちゃ(いけ particle ちゃ ない) Predicative JR80E (もう帰らなくっ) particle ちゃ ちゃ Case marking JR81C (私)って(馬鹿ね) particle って Adverbial JR82F (彼)ってば(私に particle ってば ぞっこんなのよ) Predicative JR82E (早くっ)てば particle ってば Relational JR83K (ボールペン)では particle では (いけませんか) Adverbial JR84F (ボールペン)でも particle でも (いいですか) Conjunctive JR84S (死ん)でも(治らな particle でも い) Relational JR85K (彼)ならでは(でき particle ならでは ない) Predicative JR86E (誰が行く)ものか particle ものか Adverbial JR87F (りんご、みかん) particle etc. etc. Subjunctive JEM1 し, じ(ない) form し of s- consonant ir- regular conju- gation verbs and じ of z- consonant ir- regular conju- gation verbs Subjunctive JEM2 せ(られる) form せ of s- consonant ir- regular conju- gation verbs Subjunctive JEM3 さ(せる) form さ of s- consonant ir- regular conju- gation verbs Subjunctive JEM4 こ(ない) form of k- consonant ir- regular conju- gation verbs Subjunctive JEM5 (書)か(ない) form of "go- dan" conjuga- tion verbs Subjunctive JEM6 (書)こ(う), (赤)か form preceding ろ(う) う "Aru" conjuga- JEM7 (あ)ら(ぬ) tion subjunc- tive form 2-26.5 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Subjunctive JEM8 (信)ぜ(させる) form ぜ of z- consonant ir- regular conju- gation verbs Infinitive form JED1 し, じ, き(ます, of s-, z-, and て) k-consonant ir- regular conju- gation verbs Infinitive form JED2 (書)き(ます) of "go-dan" conjugation verbs Euphonic infin- JED3 (行)っ(て), (書)い itive form of (たり) "go-dan" conju- gation verbs preceding the particle て Euphonic infin- JED4 (読)ん(で), (泳)い itive form of (だり) "go-dan" conju- gation verbs preceding the particle で Infinitive form JED5 (赤)く く of adjec- tives Infinitive form JED6 (静か)で で of adjec- tival nouns Infinitive form JED7 (赤)かっ(た), (静 of adjectives か)だっ(た) and adjectival nouns Infinitive form JED8 (静か)に に of adjec- tival nouns Infinitive form JED9 (書か)ず of the irregu- lar conjugation auxiliary verb ず Euphonic infin- JEDA (しな)い(で下さい) itive form of the irregular conjugation auxiliary verb ない Predicative and JEE1 する, 来る, (書)く adnominal forms of verbs 2-27 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Predicative and JEE2 (美し)い, (書か)ぬ adnominal forms (こと),(書い)た of adjectives, and the auxili- ary verbs た and ぬ Predicative JEE3 (静か)だ form of adjec- tival nouns Predicative JEE4 (行こ)う, (食べ)よ (and adnominal) う, (行く)まい form of the ir- regular conju- gation auxili- ary verbs, う, よう, and まい Predicative JEE5 (静か)です (and adnominal) form the irreg- ular conjuga- tion auxiliary verb, です Predicative and JEE6 (行き)ます adnominal forms of the irregu- lar conjugation auxiliary verb, ます Adnominal form JEA1 (静か)な(ところ) な of adjec- tival nouns Adnominal form JEA2 (同じ)な(のに) な(のに) of ad- jectival nouns Conditional JEC1 すれ(ど, ば), けれ form (ど, ば) Independent JEC2 (言っ)たら(ば), Conditional form that comprises a conditional (言う)なら(ば) conditional phrase that does or form does not precede ば Imperative form JEI1 け(よ), しろ(よ) Imperative form that comprises an imperative that does or does not precede よ Imperative form JEI2 せよ, よ ending_in_よ ______________________________________________________________________ 2-28 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-3 Part of Speech Assignment __________________________________________________________________________________ Category Parts of Code Example Explanation ______________Speech______________________________________________________________ Nouns Common JN1 太陽, 山 Words that precede the case Noun marking particles, が or を Proper JN2 日本 Names for places, persons, Noun things, etc. Numerals JN3 ０, １ Numerals that make up numeri- cal sequences, such as Arabic, Roman, and Chinese numerals, and words that represent base ten numerical units in the de- cimal system. Nu-meral se- quences signifying quantity, dates, and times, re not in- cluded in this category. Temporal JN4 今日, 皆 Words that can function as Noun both nouns (by preceding a case-marking particle, such as が or を, and by modifying a predicate) and adverbs (by modifying a predicate without a case marker), and which modify a predicate)with the same concept. Words in this category do not always represent a time-related con- cept. Words representing quantity or degree are also included in this category if they function as both nouns and adverbs. Formal JN7 こと, もの Words that always require ad- Nouns nominals. Words in this category have an incomplete concept and cannot specify a referent by themselves. Verbs Verbs JVE 走(る), 和(す Predicates whose predicative る), 勉強(する) form ends in the "u"-vowel. This code is also assigned to verbal nouns(words that func- tion as both nouns and verbs). Verbal nouns are assigned the codes (JN1;JVE). Adjectives Adjective JAJ 美し(い), な Predicates whose predicative (い) form ends in い. 2-29 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Adjectival Adjectival JAM 静か(だ), 同じ (1) Predicates whose predica- Nouns Noun (だ), 感動的 tive form ends in だ. Adjec- (だ), 堂々(た tival nouns do not precede る) case-marking particles such as が or を. This marks the difference from nouns which precede だ. Furthermore, ad- jectival nouns cannot be ad- verbials by their stems only. This marks the difference from the adverbs which precede だ. The standard adnominal form ends in な. However, some ad- jectival nouns become adnomi- nals without な or with の as in the examples 同じ本 and 久 し振りの会食. Adjectival nouns can become adverbials when preceding the standard infinitive form に. However, there are some adjectival nouns that cannot precede the に-form. (2) Predicates whose adnominal form is たる and whose infini- tive form is と, are also in- cluded in this category. They are called "taruto" conjuga- tion adjectival nouns. Adverbs Adverb JD1 すっかり, ほぼ Words that function as adver- bials on their own. Adverbs that denote quantity, degree, or manner can modify a noun with the の adnominal form. Epistemic JD2 たぶん Adverbs that modify a modal Adverb part of a whole sentence. Adnouns Adnoun JNM ある, いかなる Words that only function as adnominals. Demonstrative ad- nouns are also included. Conjunc- Sentence JC1 それで, しかし Conjunctions that join whole tions Conjunc- sentences tion Word Con- JC3 または, および Conjunctions that join words, junction phrases or sentences Prefixes Adjectival JT1 若(主人), 安(月 Prefixes whose form is an ad- Prefix 給) jective or an adjectival noun stem Adverbial JT2 再(入国), 真(新 Prefixes whose form is an ad- Prefix しい) verb 2-30 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Adnominal JT3 各(家庭) Prefixes whose form is an ad- Prefix noun Honorific JT4 ど(あほう), お Prefixes having pragmatic Prefix (茶わん) functions, such as showing respect or emphasis Counter Pre- JN5 第, 約 Prefixes that precede numerals fix Suffixes Suffix JB1 上, 別 Words that follow other words, and become compounds. Unit JUN メートル, ｐｐ Words for standard measure- ｍ, 時, ダース ment. Words in this category convey a substantial concept on their own (without numerals). This marks the difference from counter suf- fixes (JN6). Units for count- ing numbers of sets, such as セット and 組, are also in- cluded. Counter Suf- JN6 回, 章 Suffixes for countable things, fix indicating number or order Conjuga- Verb Ending JEV か, き, く Conjugational endings for tional verbs Endings Adjective JEA く, い, かっ Conjugational endings for ad- Ending jectives Adjectival JEM な, だ, に Conjugational endings for ad- Noun Ending jectival nouns Phrases A word entry which consists of more than one phrase(bunsetsu) and whose constituents comprise one syntactic node. Idioms are assigned this part of speech. The part of speec assignment is based on the syntactic function of the whole phrase. Noun Phrase JNP 背水の陣 Verb Phrase JPR 足場を固める Adjective JAP 押すに押されぬ Phrases that function as ad- Phrase nominal modifiers Adverbial JMP 雨が降ろうが槍 Phrases that function as ver- Phrase が降ろうが bal modifiers Independent JIP おそれ入谷の鬼 Idiomatic phrases that are Phrase 子母神 used as quotations Sentence JSE 時は金なり Idiomatic sentences that are used as quotations Others Particle JJO が, を, に Particle- JJ1 について Words that are made up of a equivalent continuous sequence of words, Word and which function in the same way as particles. 2-31 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Auxiliary JJD せる, させる Verb Auxiliary JJP てもかまわない, Words that are made up of a Verb- ねばならない continuous sequence of words, equivalent and which function in the same Word way as auxiliary verbs. They are usedas modals. Verbal Auxi- JAX 始める, 終る, Words that function as predi- liary すぎる, やすい cates by themselves, and which also function in the same way as auxiliary verbs. Interjection JIT おい, おや Symbol JSY Ａ, Ｂ Character symbols that in themselves have no specific concept. However, they take the place of substantial con- cepts. Words that denote sub- stantial concepts, such as ab- breviations, are not included ______________________________________________________in_this_category._____________ 2-32 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-4 Word Form Information ____________________________________________________________________________ ___Code______________________Meaning__________________________Example_______ JMIZEN Subjunctive form (書)か(ない) JRENYOU Infinitive form (読)み(ます), (赤)く JRENYOU-NI Adjectival noun infinitive formに (静か)に JRENYOU-DE Adjectival noun infinitive formで (静か)で JSHUUSHI Predicative form (穏やか)だ JSHUU-TAI Predicative-adnominal identical form (赤)い JRENTAI Adnominal form (華やか)な JKATEI Conditional form (よ)けれ(ば) JMEIREI______Imperative_form____________________________(読)め,_せよ________ 2-33 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-5 Verb Conjugation Patterns ______________________________________________________________________________ Conjugation Type Code Sub- In- Pre- Ad- Con- Im- junc- fini- dica- nomi- di- pera- tive tive tive nal tion- tive _________________________________________________________________al___________ "Go-dan" Form K-consonant go- JRVK か(こ) き(い) く く け け dan conjugation G-consonant go- JRVG が(ご) ぎ(い) ぐ ぐ げ げ dan conjugation K-consonant go- JRVS さ(そ) し(し) す す せ せ dan conjugation S-consonant go- JRVT た(と) ち(っ) つ つ て て dan conjugation N-consonant go- JRVN な(の) に(ん) ぬ ぬ ね ね dan conjugation B-consonant go- JRVB ば(ぼ) び(ん) ぶ ぶ べ べ dan conjugation M-consonant go- JRVM ま(も) み(ん) む む め め dan conjugation R-consonant go- JRVR ら(ろ) り(っ) る る れ れ dan conjugation W-consonant go- JRVW わ(お) い(っ) う う え え dan conjugation "Ichi-dan" Form Kami-ichi-dan JRV1 ＊ ＊ る る れ ろ,よ conjugation Shimo-ichi-dan JRV1 ＊ ＊ る る れ ろ, conjugation よ Irregular Form S-consonant ir- JRV2 し, し する する すれ しろ, regular conjuga- (JRN4) さ, せ せよ tion (Verbal Nouns) Z-consonant ir- JRV3 じ、ぜ regular conjuga- tion K-consonant ir- JRV4 こ(こ) き くる くる くれ こい regular conjuga- tion Special Form Iku conjugation JRV5 か(こ) き(っ) く く け け Aru conjugation JRV6 ら(ろ) り(っ) る る れ れ Ossharu conjuga- JRV7 ら(ろ) り, い る る れ れ, tion____________________________________(っ)_____________________________い___ 2-34 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-6 Adjective Conjugation Patterns ____________________________________________________________________________ Code Sub- In- Pre- Ad- Con- Im- Example junc- fini- dica- nomi- di- pera- tive tive tive nal tion- tive (Eu- al phon- ________________ic)_________________________________________________________ JRA1 かろ く, い い けれ − 黒(い) かっ, (う) JRA2 かろ く, い い けれ − 美し(い),大き(い) かっ, (ゅ う) JRA3 かろ く, い い けれ − な(い) かっ, ________________(い)________________________________________________________ 2-35 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-7 Adjectival-Noun Conjugation Patterns _____________________________________________________________________________ Code Sub- In- Pre- Ad- Con- Im- Example junc- fini- dica- nomi- di- pera- tive tive tive nal tion- tive ___________________________________________________al________________________ D-consonant conjugation JRM1 だろ で, だ な(な) なら − 静か だっ, に JRM2 だろ で, だ な(な) なら − 危険 だっ JRM3 だろ で, だ な, の なら − 癪 だっ, (な) に JRM4 だろ で, だ な, の なら − 多額 だっ (な) JRMA だろ で, だ の(な) なら − 久し振り だっ, に JRM5 だろ で, だ ＊(な) なら − こんな だっ, に JRM9 だろ で, だ ＊, な なら − 多角的 だっ, (な) に "Taruto" conju- gation JRM7 − と − たる, − − 堂々 の _____JRM8_________−______と______−______たる_____−______−______洋々______ 2-36 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-8 Surface Case Particles for Verbs _____________________________________________________________________________ Code_____________Meaning_____________________________Example_________________ JK01 Takes the particle "Ga" agent (私が)書く object (編み物が)できる subject (道が)曲がる JK02 Takes the particle "O" object (本を)読む starting or transi- (公園を)散歩する tory point JK03 Takes the particle "Ni" destination or final (学校に)行く state recipient (彼に)あげる source (親に)もらう viewpoint or attri- (積極性に)欠ける bute JK04 Takes the particle "De" instrument, means (金鎚で)叩く material or in- (牛乳で)作る gredient JK05 Takes the particle "Kara" starting point or (今から)始める original state source (親から)もらう material or in- (牛乳から)作る gredient JK06 Takes the particle "To" content (やると)言う object (電源と)接続する partner (妻と)仲たがいする JK07 Takes the particle "Yori" comparison (彼より)見劣する JK08 Takes the particle "E" destination or final (東京へ)行く state recipient (親へ)泣きつく JK09 Takes the particle "Made" point of completion (大阪まで)行く JK10 Takes the particle "No" (special usage for (彼の)役に立つ ____________________________________idioms)__________________________________ 2-37 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-9 Surface Case Particles for Adjectives and Adjectival Nouns ___________________________________________________________________________ Code_____________Meaning___________________________Example_________________ JK01 Takes the particle "Ga" object (頭が)痛い subject (私が)好きだ JK02 Takes the particle "O" object (彼を)嫌いだ JK03 Takes the particle "Ni" object (右に)同じだ, (彼に)気の毒だ JK04 Takes the particle "De" material or in- (水で)一杯だ gredient point of compromise (明日で)いい agent(organization) (ＥＤＲで)欲しい JK05 Takes the particle "Kara" point of origin (駅から)遠い JK06 Takes the particle "To" comparison (彼と)違う object (計算値と)同じだ place (東京と)近い JK07 Takes the particle "Yori" comparison (車より)速い JK09 Takes the particle "Made" point of completion (駅まで)近い JK10 Takes the particle "No" (special usage for (彼の)口が堅い ____________________________________idioms)________________________________ 2-38 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-10 Aspect Information on Verbs _______________________________________________________________________________ Aspectual Code Example Meaning Expression_____________________________________________________________________ 『ている』 JA11 いる, ある An expression does not follow. 『でいる』 JA12 愛する, 痛 An expression follows and signifies a state む or property. (Note 1) JA13 遊ぶ, 集ま An expression follows and signifies a pro- る gressive state of actions or phenomena. JA14 溢れる, 死 An expression follows and signifies a perfect ぬ state of actions or phenomena, or a resulting state of actions or events. (Note 2) 『てくる』 JA20 結婚する, An expression does not follow, or follows and 住む simply signifies a temporal continuity. (Note 3) 『でくる』 JA21 改まる, 痛 An expression follows and signifies not only む a temporal continuity but also unconscious occurrences or changes in state. (Note 4) JA22 遊ぶ, 会う An expression follows and signifies not only a temporal continuity but also intentional __________________________________spatial_movements.__(Note_5)_________________ 2-39 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-11 Function Word Codes: Particles and Particle Equivalents _______________________________________________________________________________ _____Code_______________Particle______________Code_______________Particle______ JJBA ば JJNEE ね, ねえ JJBAKARI ばかり JJNI に JJDAKE だけ JJNITE にて JJDANO だの JJNO の JJDATTE だって JJNODE ので JJDE で JJNOMI のみ JJDEMO でも JJNONI のに JJDOKOROKA どころか JJSAE さえ JJGA が JJSA さ JJHA は JJSHI し JJHE へ JJSHIKA しか JJHODO ほど JJSHIMO しも JJHOKA ほか JJSURA すら JJKA か JJTARA たら JJKAI かい JJTARI たり, だり JJKAMO かも JJTATTE たって, だって JJKANA かな JJTE て, で JJKARA から JJTEHA ては, では JJKASHIRA かしら JJTEMO ても, でも JJKATAWARA かたわら JJTO と JJKEREDOMO けれども, けれど JJTOKA とか JJKIRI きり JJTOKORODE ところで JJKOSO こそ JJTOKOROGA ところが JJKURAI くらい, ぐらい JJTOMO とも JJKUSENI くせに JJTOTE とて JJMADE まで JJTSUTSU つつ JJMO も JJTTE って JJMONO もの JJTTEBA ってば JJMONOKA ものか JJWA わ JJMONONO ものの JJWO を JJNA な(Inhibition) JJYA や JJNAA な, なあ(Emotion) JJYAINAYA やいなや JJNADO など JJYARA やら JJNAGARA ながら JJYO よ JJNANKA なんか JJYORI より JJNANTE なんて JJYUE ゆえ JJNARA なら JJZE ぜ JJNARADEHA ならでは JJZO ぞ JJNARI なり(Conjunctional) JJZUTSU ずつ JNIATARU にあたる JNITSUITE について, につき JNIATATTE にあたって JNITSURETE につれ, につれて JNIKAKAWARAZU にかかわらず JNIWATARU にわたる JNIKANSHITE に関し, に関して JNIWATATTE にわたって JNIKANSURU に関する JNIYORU による JNIKAWATTE にかわって JNIYOTTE によって, により JNIMOKAKAWARAZU にもかかわらず JNOYOUNA のような JNIMOTODUITE に基づき, に基づいて JNOYOUNI のように JNIMOTODUKU に基づく JTOIU という 2-40 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY JNIOITE において JTOSHITE として, とし JNIOKERU における JTOSUREBA とすれば JNIOUJITE に応じ, に応じて JTOSURU とする JNISAISHITE に際し, に際して JTOTOMONI とともに JNISHITAGATTE に従い, に従って JWOBA をば JNISHITEMO にしても JWOKAISHITE を介して, を介し JNISOTTE にそって, にそい JWOKAISURU を介する JNITAISHITE に対して, に対し JWOMOTTE をもって JNITAISURU に対する JWOSHITE をして JITOMONATTE に伴って, に伴い JWOTOOSHITE を通して JNITOMONAU に伴う JWOTSUKATTE を使って, を使い JNITOTTE にとって、にとり JNIITARU にいたる JAKARAIUTO からいうと JNINAKU になく JDAKENI だけに JNISHITE にして JDEMOTTE でもって JNITSUKE につけ JGAHAYAIKA がはやいか JNIYORUTO によると JKARAMIRUTO からみると JTOHAIE とはいえ JKARANIHA からには JTOIEBA といえば JKARASHITE からして JTOIEDOMO といえども JKARASURUTO からすると JTOITTE といって JKARATOITTE からといって JTOIUTO というと JKATOIUTO かというと JTOKITARA ときたら JMONODAKARA ものだから JTONARUTO となると JMONONARA ものなら JWOHAJIME をはじめ JNIATTE___________にあって___________________________________________________ 2-41 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-12 Function Word Codes: Auxiliary Verbs and Auxiliary Verb-Equivalents _______________________________________________________________________________ _____Code____________Auxiliary_Verb___________Code____________Auxiliary_Verb___ JBESHI べし JSERU せる, させる JDA だ JSOUDA1 そうだ(Reported speech) JDESU です JSOUDA2 そうだ(Manner) JMAI まい JTA た JMASU ます JTAGARU たがる JNAI ない JTAI たい JNU ぬ JU う, よう JRASHII らしい JYOUDA ようだ JRERU_____________れる,_られる_________________________________________________ Code Aux. Verb Code Aux. Verb _______________________Equivalent_______________________________Equivalent_____ JCHIGAINAI に違いない JTEHOSHII てほしい JIKENAI てはいけない JTEIKU ていく JKAGIRANAI と限らない JTEIRU ている JKAMAWANAI て構わない JTEKURERU てくれる JKAMOSHIRENAI かもしれない JTEKURU てくる JKUDASAI て下さい, て下さる JTEMIRU てみる JMIERU てみえる JTEMORAU てもらう JMITAI てみたい JTEOKU ておく JNARANAI てはならない JTESHIMAU てしまう JNASAI てなさい, てなさる JTEYARU てやる JNASASUGIRU なさすぎる JTSUTSUARU つつある JNEBANARANU ねばならぬ JUTOSURU うとする JOYOBANAI に及ばない JWAKENIIKANAI わけにいかない JSASHITSUKAENAI さしつかえない JYARANU やらぬ JSUGINAI に過ぎない JYOI てよい JTEAGERU てあげる JZARUWOENAI ざるをえない JTEARU てある JZUNIIRARENAI ずにいられない JUDEHANAIKA ではないか JHOKANAI ほかない JKOTONISURU ことにする JMADEMONAI までもない JKOTONINARU ことになる JMONODENAI ものでない JZUNIIRU ずにいる JYOUNISURU ようにする JTESHIKATANAI てしかたない JYOUNINARU ようになる JDOKORODEHANAI どころではない JWAKEDEHANAI わけではない JNAIDEHAOKANAI____ないではおかない____________________________________________ 2-42 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY Table 2-13 Other Function Word Codes: Formal Nouns, Classifiers, Conjunctions _______________________________________________________________________________ _____Code_____________Formal_Noun_____________Code_____________Formal_Noun_____ JAGEKU あげく JME 目 JAIDA あいだ JMONO もの JATARI 辺り JOKAGE おかげ JBAAI 場合 JORI おり JDAN 段 JSAMA さま, 様 JHAME はめ, 羽目 JSEI せい JHAZU はず JTABI たび, 度 JHODO ほど JTAME ため, 為 JHOKA ほか JTOKI とき, 時 JHOU ほう, 方 JTOKORO ところ JIGAI 以外 JTOORI 通り JIJOU 以上 JTOTAN 途端 JIPPOU 一方 JTSUDO つど, 都度 JKAGIRI かぎり JTSUMORI つもり JKAWARI かわり, 代わり JUCHI うち JKEN 件 JUE うえ, 上 JKORO ころ, 頃 JWAKE わけ, 訳 JKOTO こと JYASAKI 矢先 JKURAI くらい JYOSHI よし, 旨 JMAGIWA 間際 JYOU よう, 様 JMAMA_____________まま_________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ___Code__________Numeral____________________Explanation________________Example__ JSUUZI Numeral A word which in itself represents １, ２, ３ an amount. It can precede a unit figure in the decimal system JKETA1 or JKETA2. JKETA1 Base ten unit It follows a numeral (JSUUZI) and 十, 百, 千 figure in the represents a base ten unit figure decimal system 1 in the decimal system. It can also precede a unit figure in the de- cimal system(JKETA2). JKETA2 Base ten unit It follows a numeral (JSUUZI) and 万, 億, 兆 figure in the represents a large base ten unit _____________decimal_system_2___figure_in_the_decimal_system.___________________ 2-43 EDR *************************************************** JAPANESE WORD DICTIONARY ________________________________________________________________________________ ___Code________Conjunction__________________Explanation________________Examples_ JSETSUZOKU Non-coordinative Including developmental, adversa- したがっ tive, supplemental, converse, and て, しか reasoning conjunctions し, ただ し, ところ で JHEIRETSU Coordinative Including cumulative, disjunctive, そして, あ and explanatory conjunctions るいは, す ______________________________________________________________________なわち____ Table 2-14 Usage ________________________________________________________________________ ____Usage_______Code__________________Meaning__________________Example__ Onomatopoeia SO Words that reproduce sounds or ごろごろ voices, including animal sounds. These words sometimes refer to the origin of sounds, such as the an- imal itself, however, such entries are excluded from this category. Mimesis MI Words that denote a state or a ほくほく, manner of some action through evo- こっくり cative sounds. Abbreviations AB Shortened forms of words 高裁 Honorifics HO Words that are used to show the 申し上げ speaker's respect towards others; る, 召し上 euphemistic words. がる Slang CN Words that are used to show the でぶ speaker's contempt towards others, words of irony and humorous words. Jargon used by particular groups of people is also considered CN. Slung CNYOM slung reading 私[アタイ] reading Old word OLD Old word, elegant word and written 崩御、薨去 language Foreign GAI foreign word that is not in common 妓生[キーセン] word use Hisitorical REKISIT Historical word 天叢雲の剣 word Other tech- TOKUSEN Other techinical term VOA、夷毘沙門 nical term Name of a HNAME Proper noun of a person ケネディ,弁慶 person Name of a PLACE Proper noun of a place（nation, city カナダ、秋田 state, prefecture, city, ward, town, village) Name of SIZEN Proper noun of nature（mountai, river アルプス、大島 nature lake, plane, sea, etc.） Name of an SOSIK Proper noun of an organization（admi- 学士院、東京大学 organization nistrative organ, international orga- nization, hospital, police, school, company, store, etc.） Name of an SISETU Proper noun of an institution（park、 阿寒国立公園、甲子園 institution airport, station, stadium, etc.） Name of a MITI Proper noun of a road（road, railroad, 奥州街道、金門橋 bridge, tunnel, etc.） Name of an TIMES Name of an era 安政、カンブリア紀 era Other proper PROPN Proper noun（book, newspaper, dictio- 源氏物語、日露戦争 noun nary, event, law, assignment, project, アポロ計画、モナ・ painting, sculpture, music, race, etc. リザ、火の鳥 2-44