EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Chapter_3 The_English_Word_Dictionary The English Word Dictionary is composed of the English word records arranged alphabetically. The record of the English Word Dictionary is composed of the record number, headword information, grammatical information, semantic information, pragmatic and supplementary information and management information. The main role of the English Word Dictionary is to describe the correspondence between the English word and the concept represented by the word and to provide the grammatical information for the word when used with the given meaning. Commonly used words are the subject of the English Word Dictionary. =================Structure of English Word Dictionary Records=================== :Record type and identifier number :(Section 3.1) :Regularly inflecting words are given with suffix endings (Section 3.1.1) :Sequence composed of stem form of word and related adjacency attributes (Section 3.1.2 and Tables 3-1, 3-2) :Character string notation with '/' indicating syllable division. (Provided for headword entries treated as single word entries only. Section 3.1.3.) :Pronunciation and accent markings given in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) notation (Provided for headword entries treated as single word entries only. Section 3.1.3) :(Section 3.2) :Part of speech (Section 3.2.1 and Table 3-3) :Syntactic structure of constituents (Provided for compound words and idioms only. Section 3.2.2) :(Section 3.2.3) :Word form (Tables 3-4 and 3-5) :Inflection patterns (Tables 3-6, 3-7, 3-8 and 3-9.) :(Provided for verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs only. Section 3.2.4 and Tables 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, and 3-14.) :(Provided for verbs, nouns and adjectives only. Section 3.2.4, and Tables 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, and 3-15) :(Provided for nouns, adjectives, determiners, and adverbs. Section 3.2.4, and Tables 3-11, 3-12, and 3-14) :Function word information (Provided for 3-1 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY function words only. Section 3.2.4, and Tables 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19, 3-20) :(Section 3.3) :Number that uniquely identifies the concept (Section 3.3.1.) :Headword that represents concept. (Provided for content words only. Section 3.3.2) :Japanese headword that represents concept :English headword that represents concept :Written explanation of concept (Provided for content words only. Section 3.3.2) :Concept explication in Japanese :Concept explication in English :(Section 3.4) :Usage of word (Section 3.4.1) :Occurrence frequency (Section 3.4.2) :(Section 3.5) :Management information such as date of creation or record update ================================================================================ ================Example of English Word Dictionary Records (Noun)=============== EWD1116992 dictionary dictionar(Noun with Initial Consonant Sound,Invariable Portion of Noun Headword - followed by y and ies) dic/tion/ar/y d'ikSXen`eri: Common Noun Invariable Portion of Noun Inflection Pattern y Countable;Neutral gender;Must occur with an article 0f6f4b 辞書［ジショ］ 3-2 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY dictionary 言葉を類別して集めた書物 a reference book providing a list of words in some stated order, with their forms, pronunciations, meaning and uses 15/73 2/15/95 ================================================================================ ================Example of English Word Dictionary Records (Verb)=============== EWD1364642 supply suppl(Verb with Initial Consonant Sound, Invariable Portion of Verb Headword - Inflection Pattern y) sup/ply sXepl'ai Verb Invariable Portion of Verb Inflection Pattern y Must take a direct object (direct object is a noun phrase);Takes a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition 'to' 0ec944 支給する［シキュウ・スル］ supply 物をあてがう to supply goods 122/234 3/4/93 ================================================================================ 3-3 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY ===============Example of English Word Dictionary Records (Adjective)=========== EWD1334265 short short(Adjective with Initial Consonant Sound,Adjective - Inflection Pattern er) short SXc:Rt Adjective Positive Degree Adjective - Inflection Pattern er Takes a prepositional phrase that begins with the preposition 'to' 10096e 乏しい［トボシ・イ］ scarce 十分でないさま insufficient 45/431 2/13/89 ================================================================================ ===============Example of English Word Dictionary Records (Adverb)============== EWD1345229 soon soon(Adverb with Initial Consonant Sound, Adverb - Inflection Pattern er) soon s'u:n Adverb Positive Degree Adverb - Inflection Pattern er 3-4 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Medial Position (Occurs before the main verb or directly after a form of the verb 'Be');Post Position (Occurs after the object or complement (or directly after the verb);Verb Modifier 0ea98d 近々［チカヂカ］ soon やがて of a time period, occurring in the near future 209/892 1/21/92 ================================================================================ ============Example of English Word Dictionary Records (Verb Phrase)============ EWD1295652 put *one's confidence in *someone put(Verb with Initial Consonant Sound, Invariable Portion of Verb - Inflection Pattern s)/*suf(*,*)/ (Blank Space,Blank Space)/*one's(Pronoun,Personal Pronoun - Possessive Case)/ (Blank Space,Blank Space)/confidence(Noun with Initial Consonant Sound,Singular Form Noun)/ (Blank Space,Blank Space)/in(Word That Cannot Be Preceded By Indefinite Article, Preposition)/ (Blank Space,Blank Space)/ *someone(*,*) Verb Phrase Verb(Verb;Stem Form of Verb;Inflection Pattern s;Headword(put)/[Verb Suffix Ending(*suf)])/Code( )/Common Noun;Direct Object;Uncountable(Personal Pronoun; Possessive Case(*one's)/Code( )/Common Noun;Single Form of Noun;Must occur in singular form;Uncountable(confidence))/ Code( )/Prepositional Phrase(Preposition (in)/Code( )/{Noun Phrase(*someone)}) 3-5 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY 271f65 place $one's confidence in to trust (a person) 0/0 7/9/94 ================================================================================ ============Example of English Word Dictionary Records (Phrasal Verb)=========== EWD1097635 cool down cool(Verb with Initial Consonant Sound, Invariable Portion of Verb - Inflection Pattern s-ed)/*suf(*,*)/ (Blank Space, Blank Space)/down(Word That Cannot Be Preceded By Indefinite Article,Adverbial Particle) Phrasal Verb Verb(Verb;Stem Form of Verb;Verb - Inflection Pattern s-ed;Head word(cool)/ [Verb suffix(*suf)])/Code( )/Adverbial Particle(down) Intransitive Verb 266544 cool down 3-6 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY to become cool 0/0 7/9/94 ================================================================================ 3.1. Headword Information The headword information is composed of the headword, the invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes, the syllable division of the headword and pronunciation. The headwords registered in the dictionary include words typically used in daily life, technical terms and proper nouns that have become commonly used, abbreviations, and idiomatic or set phrases. 3.1.1. Headword Headwords, which resemble headword entries in conventional paper-based dictionaries, are provided in order to facilitate the distinction between one word and another. Words that follow a regular inflection are given in their stem forms or in the singular forms only. However, words that do not follow a regular inflection pattern, such as the noun 'man' and the verb 'go,' are registered in each of the inflected forms. For 'man', the plural form 'men' is registered as an independent headword as are the forms 'went' and 'gone' for the verb 'go'. The number of words in the dictionary is defined in terms of the number of differing headwords it contains. Accent marks on headwords that are foreign words are indicated in the headword by a code. The relevant code is placed to the left of the character string notation. The codes used in the English Word Dictionary to indicate accents marks are given below. ___________________________________________________ Accent_Type___Accent___Code____Example_Headword____ acute ( ´) @< attach@ pret-@>a-poter circumflex ( ＾) @^ ch@^ateau tilde ( ~ ) @@ se@@nior umlaut ( ¨) @: M@:archen cedilla_______(___)____@&______gar@&con____________ 3-7 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY 3.1.2. Invariable Portion of Headword and Pair of Adjacency Attributes Headwords in the EDR English Word Dictionary are composed of basically two parts: a character string notation and adjacency attribute codes. The character string notation is given for the portion of the headword that does not change during inflection. The adjacency attribute codes follow the character notation. In general, headwords are divided into constituent elements (if the headword is not a single word entry) and the notation and adjacency attributes for each constituent are described. The invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes can be used during dictionary look-up to identify the words in a sentence for morphological analysis, the first step in sentence analysis. In sentence generation, they can be used to form the final output of the sentence by generating morphemes. Headword Notation The notation of each of the headword constituents is made up of the invariable portion of the word only. That is, only the character string sequence that does not change during inflection is given as the notation of the headword. Note that the invariable portion of the headword is not necessarily the stem of the word. For example, the invariable portion of the word 'wife' which follows a regular inflection pattern (i.e. the -fe suffix ending becomes -ves) is 'wi'. The adjacency attributes are given in the form of codes and indicate the morphological restrictions to the adjacent words or constituents when the word is actually used. There are two types of adjacency attributes: left adjacency attribute, and right adjacency attribute. (Further detail on adjacency attributes is given later in this section.) The invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes is expressed in the following format: Notation of Invariable Portion of Headword(Left Adjacency Attribute,Right Adjacency Attribute) If the headword is an idiomatic phrase (phrasal entry) a slash symbol (/) is inserted between each of the constituents (consisting of the invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes) that make up the idiomatic phrase. An idiomatic phrase is a phrase consisting of two or more words/phrases that together form a single constituent. In addition, it has a concept that cannot be derived from the individual concepts of the words/phrases that make up the idiomatic phrase. The inflectional ending of headwords that follow a regular inflection pattern are omitted since the adjacency attribute information contains the necessary information to generate the endings. Idiomatic phrases or compounds that fall into one of the categories given below are not divided into their constituent elements. Rather they are treated as single word entries. words of foreign origin proper nouns common nouns derived from proper nouns (ex. New Mexican) 3-8 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY function word equivalents (ex. according to) idioms that don't follow a usual syntactic structure (ex. on the cheap) It is possible to insert words or phrases between the constituents of phrasal headwords. In such cases, if the notation of the constituent is not specified a word class which defines the name of a group of certain words is used to indicate the position. The word class '*' is a special class name which is used to represent any word or words. The twelve word class names currently used in the English Word Dictionary are: * *someone's *one *something's *someone *oneself *something *be *somewhere *do *one's *suf The word class name '*suf' indicates 'suffix ending'. Other word class names can be registered into the dictionary when necessary. The word class '*' can be used instead of the adjacency attribute codes when the adjacency attributes are variable. Adjacency Attributes The adjacency attributes indicate the possibility of joining morphemes either to the left or to the right of the headword. They indicate what kind of morphemes can occur adjacent to a particular morpheme. Adjacency attributes are prepared with the following considerations: (1) minimizing the number of connectivity rules for examining adjacency restraints between words; (2) allowing for the registration of idiomatic expressions and set phrases in the English Word Dictionary. Adjacency is based on bi-directional adjacency constraints grammar in which the adjacency of the word is divided between left and right. In such a scheme, a word has a right adjacency attribute and a left adjacency attribute. The right adjacency attributes are indicated in the Table 3-2 and the left adjacency attributes are indicated in Table 3-1. Information about the possibility of connectivity between the right and left adjacency is contained in the adjacency attribute codes. This method of describing adjacency attributes is based on the fact that the possible word groups that can occur adjacent to a word depends on the type of word and further differs between the left and right of the word. Since the possible word group differs according to the right and the left, by dividing the adjacency attributes into left and right adjacency attributes, the number of attribute categories can be decreased. Furthermore, if the number of adjacency attributes can be reduced, so can the number of adjacency rules. By using these adjacency attributes, adjacency rules can be made regarding the possibility of connectivity between morphemes and thus can be used in 3-9 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY morphological analysis and generation. Example of Adjacency Rules _____________________________________ EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE LLLLLLLLLLLLLLSSSSSSSSSSSS BNNPPAADDVVTTWNNNNNNNNFFFF _______11212131312121123456781238____ ERB1 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@............ ERR1 @o...o.o.o.o.............. ERR2 @.o...o.o.o.o............. ERR3 @oo..oooooo............... ECF1 @@..@@@@@@............... ECN1 @ooooooooooooo@.......@... ECN2 @ooooooooooooo.@.......@.. ECN3 @...............@......... ECN4 @................@........ ECN5 @.................@....... ECN6 @ooooooooooooo.....@..o... ECN7 @ooooooooooooo......@.@... ECN8___@ooooooooooooo.......@@...____ Note: '@'indicates the two morphemes can be adjacent without a blank space between them; 'o' indicates the two morphemes can be adjacent with a blank space between the morphemes; '.' indicates the two morphemes cannot be adjacent. 3.1.3. Syllable Division and Pronunciation Syllable division and pronunciation is given for those headwords that are treated as as single words only. The information provided as syllable division can be used for determining the hyphenation of the headword. The division between syllables is indicated by a slash (/). The syllable division marker for headwords that contain a slash as part of the notation is indicated by a double slash (//). No syllable division marking is inserted before or after a hyphen for words whose notation contain hyphens. Abbreviated words whose reading is the repetition of the alphabet letters are not given syllable division information. An example of the syllable division description used in the English Word Dictionary is given below. The pronunciation describes the stress and accent of the headword. Though regional and generational differences exist in the pronunciation of English words as well as elision, abbreviation, and weakening of syllables which occur during speech production (utterances), the pronunciation notation considered the most standardized is given for the headword. The system used for the description of pronunciation is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). However, in order to accommodate the input and display of characters on computer, a portion of the pronunciation notation is represented by a 3-10 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Example of Syllable Division ________________________________ Headword____Syllable_Division___ represent rep/re/sent study stud/y X-ray X-ray FORTRAN FOR/TRAN CPU CPU and/or______and//or_____________ combination of letters. Accent mark notation is represented by either a right close single quote (') or a left open single quote (`). The right close single quote (') is used to indicate the vowel with a first stress and is placed to the left of the vowel. The vowel with a second stress (if any) is indicated by the left open single quote (`) and is also placed to the left of vowel. Many conventional paper-based dictionaries published in Japan use an abbreviated IPA notation as the basic pronunciation representation. An example of the pronunciation notation used in the EDR English Word Dictionary is given below. In the pronunciation information, silent or weak sounds are indicated in parentheses. (Ex.) aeronomer --> E(Xe)r'AnXemXeR Example of Pronunciation ___________________________________________________________________________ Type Pronuncia- Example (Headword) Example (Pronuncia- tion Code tion Notation) (Represen- tative No- ___________________tation)_________________________________________________ Consonants p pen pen b back bXak t tea ti: d day dei k key ki: g gay gei tS cheer tSiXeR dY jump dYXvmp f few fju: v view vju: Th thing ThiN TH then THen s soon su:n z zig zig S fishing f'iSiN 3-11 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Y pleasure pl'eYXeR h hot hAt m sum sXvm n sun sXvn N tong tXc:N l land lXand r red red Words of Foreign Origin C gar@&con gA:RCXc:n J gagner gA:Jei Semi-vowels j yet jet w way wei (Words of Foreign Origin) Xh lui lXhi: Vowels i bit bit e bet bet Xa bat bXat A hot hAt pot pAt Xc: dog dXc:g Xv cup kXvp u put put Xe ago Xeg'ou lemon l'emXen i: beat bi:t A: balm bA:m Xc: bought bXc:t u: boot bu:t ei bate beit ai bite bait au bout baut Xci boil bXcil ou boat bout iXeR beer biXeR EXeR bear bEXeR A:R bar bA:R Xe:R bird bXe:Rd XeR bitter b'itXeR o:R bore bo:R uXeR boor buXeR e(i)XeR player pl'e(i)XeR auXeR lower l'auXeR 3-12 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY tower t'auXeR aiXeR tire taiXeR XciXeR employer empl'XciXeR ju: cute kju:t ju popular p'ApjulXeR juXeR pure pjuXeR (Words of Foreign Origin) O (pronounce [E] with rounded lips) y (pronounce [i] with rounded lips) Xm (pronounce [u] with unrounded lips) 0 (Zero) (pronounce [e] with ________________________________rounded_lips)______________________________ 3.2. Grammatical Information The grammatical information is composed of part of speech, syntactic tree, word form, inflection, grammatical attributes, sentence pattern, word (or phrase) function and position, and function word information. This information can be used to find the syntactic structure of a sentence during syntactic analysis, or in syntactic generation to determine what sentence structure should be used in order to express a certain meaning. 3.2.1. Part of Speech A part of speech assignment is given to all records in the English Word Dictionary. The parts of speech used in the English Word Dictionary are shown in Table 3-3. Idiomatic phrases and compound words are described with the part of speech assignments given below. (1) Regular Noun Note: 'Noun Phrase' is used to describe the intermediate nodes of the syntactic tree. Proper nouns are treated as single word entries. (2) Verb Note: The part of speech assignment for phrasal verbs or other verbs that function as a single word verb is 'Verb'. (3) Verb Phrase (4) Adjective Phrase (5) Adverb Phrase (6) Prepositional Phrase (7) Independent Phrase (8) Sentence 3-13 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY 3.2.2. Syntactic Tree Syntactic tree information is given only to headword entries consisting of more than one word that are treated as phrasals. The syntactic tree shows what kind of syntactic structure the constituent elements of the compound word and idiomatic phrase have when used in the context of the word or phrase. This information can be used to determine the grammatical features and syntactic functions of constituent words in the analysis and generation of sentences containing compound words or idiomatic phrases. The syntactic tree is a recursive expression of syntactic nodes regarded as having certain syntactic functions. The terminal nodes of the syntactic tree are the constituents that comprise the compound word or idiomatic phrase and are registered as separate independent headwords. A syntactic tree is generated from the following rules: ::= ｜ / ｜ () ｜ {} ｜ [] ::= () Note: 1. Syntactic trees at the same depth are divided by a slash ( / ). 2. Braces ({ }) and brackets ([ ]) are used to indicate that syntactic constituents may be inserted into the phrase. Braces indicate the inserted constituent is grammatically essential, and brackets indicate that the inserted constituent is not essential or can be optionally omitted. 3.2.3. Word Form and Inflection Information There are two different types of information for English word form and inflection information: word form information, which describes the word form of the headword, and inflection information, which describes the type of inflection pattern for headwords that follow a regular inflection pattern. A word form code (Table 3-4) is given for all verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs. Word form information is also given to suffix ending headword entries for the aforementioned parts of speech. For pronouns, a code indicating case and another indicating number (Table 3-5) are assigned. The four types of inflection codes cover the inflection patterns for verbs (Table 3-6), nouns (Table 3-7), adjectives (Table 3-8) and adverbs (Table 3-9). Word forms indicated as 'Separate Headword' are registered in the dictionary as independent headwords. That is, the inflected forms of headwords that do not follow a regular inflection pattern are registered in the dictionary as separate headword since the irregular form cannot be generated by codes. 3-14 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY 3.2.4. Grammatical Attributes, Sentence Pattern Information, Function and Position Information, and Function Word Information The grammatical information of the English Word Dictionary includes the grammatical attributes of the word, the type of sentence pattern governed by the word, the function and position of modifying words and information regarding function words. Sentence pattern information and grammatical attributes indicating whether the passive and progressive forms are allowed (Table 3-10) are given for verbs. Information regarding countability, gender, collectivity, occurrence with articles, restrictions on word form (either to a singular or a plural form), and verb agreement (Table 3-11) are given for nouns. For some nouns, information regarding sentence patterns and modifying function is also given. Adjectives are described with grammatical attributes that indicate whether or not the adjective has restrictions on the superlative or comparative form (that is, if the adjective does not have a superlative or comparative form), position and function information for the adjective as well as sentence pattern information (Table 3-12). Determiners are described with information regarding the function and position of the determiner as well as information on nouns and articles that may co-occur (Table 3-13). Adverbs are described with grammatical attributes that indicate whether or not the adverb has restrictions on the superlative or comparative form (that is, if the adverb does not have a superlative or comparative form), and position and function information for the adverb (Table 3-14). The specific preposition codes which are applicable to the sentence pattern information of nouns, verbs and adjectives are given in Table 3-15. The specific preposition codes are simply the preposition or the preposition equivalent code listed in the function word codes in Table 3-16 preceded by a "+" symbol. Words that do not have a specific meaning, yet play a grammatical role in a sentence, are referred to as function words. In the English Word Dictionary, function word information (Tables 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, 3-19 and 3-20) is given to the following: prepositions, preposition equivalents, be-verbs, auxiliary verbs, auxiliary verb equivalents, coordinate conjunctions, coordinate conjunction equivalents, subordinate conjunctions, subordinate conjunction equivalents, conjunctive adverbs, relative pronouns, relative adverbs, interrogative pronouns, and interrogative adverbs. Function word information is also given for a few exceptional words that behave like function words. An abbreviated form or variant of a word is coded with the same function word code as the original (full spelling) form of the word. 3.3. Semantic Information Semantic information is composed of the concept identifier, the headconcept, and the concept explication. The concept identifier, headconcept 3-15 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY and concept explication provide the basic information for the concepts in the Concept Dictionary. Upon hearing or seeing a word, a person can conjure up a number of images associated with that word. Some images are objective and stable and are not influenced by a particular situation. Such images are called 'concepts'. Concepts provide the information necessary to discriminate between the various meanings of the words contained in the English Word Dictionary. The concepts are similar to the word senses noted in paper-based dictionaries but differ in the sense that they are not language dependent. 3.3.1. Concept Identifier The concept identifier is a numerical representation of the concept and maintains the identity (uniqueness) of the concept. Concept identifiers are given to all words in the dictionary and provide the link between the English Word Dictionary and the Concept Dictionary. 3.3.2. Headconcept and Concept Explication In addition to the concept identifier, content words are also supplied with a headconcept and a concept explication. Content words are words that have independent and concrete concepts. Content words in English are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and phrasals. Headconcepts are described in both English and Japanese by a headword that best represents the content meaning of the concept. For English-specific concepts where a suitable representative Japanese headword does not exist, a Japanese headconcept is not provided. The concept explication is a written explanation of the concept, and is provided in order to help people distinguish between concepts. Example of Semantic Information ___________________________________________________________________________ Headword Japanese English Japanese Con- English Concept Ex- Headcon- Headcon- cept Explica- plication ___________cept_________cept_________tion__________________________________ dog 犬［イヌ］ dog 犬という動物 an animal called dog dog スパイ［ス spy スパイという役 a person who spys ___________パイ］____________________割の人________________________________ For detailed information regarding concepts, refer to Chapter 4 Concept Dictionary. 3-16 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY 3.4. Pragmatic and Supplementary Information Pragmatic and Supplementary Information is composed of usage and frequency information. Pragmatic and supplementary information can be used to evaluate the probability of word occurrence for sentence generation and analysis. 3.4.1. Usage Some words have a strong tendency to be used in certain ways or in particular situations. Usage information (Table 3-21) is given in order to facilitate the processing of sentences containing words which exhibit these tendencies. 3.4.2. Frequency There are two different values provided as frequency information. One value indicates the number of times the headword appears in the English Corpus. The other value indicates the number of times the headword with a particular concept occurs in the English Corpus. ______________________Example_of_Frequency______________________ Headword Concept Explication in Occurrence Frequency of English Word and Concept /Oc- currence Frequency for ________________________________________Word____________________ short the quality of being 116/431 brief short______insufficient________________45/431___________________ 3.5. Management Information The management information of the English Word Dictionary contains the management history record. The management history record provides information such as date of creation or record update. 3.a Tables 3-1 Left Adjacency Attributes Used in the English Word Dictionary 3-2 Right Adjacency Attributes Used in the English Word Dictionary 3-3 Part of Speech Assignments 3-4 Word Form Information 3-5 Case and Number For Nouns 3-6 Verb Inflection Patterns 3-7 Noun Inflection Patterns 3-8 Adjective Inflection Patterns 3-9 Adverb Inflection Patterns 3-10 Grammatical Attributes and Sentence Pattern Information For Verbs 3-11 Nouns: Grammatical Attributes, Function and Position Information 3-17 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY 3-12 Adjectives: Grammatical Attributes, Function and Position Information 3-13 Determiners: Function and Position Information 3-14 Adverbs: Grammatical Attributes, Function and Position Information 3-15 Specific Preposition Codes 3-16 Function Word Codes: Prepositions, Preposition Equivalents, and Adverbial Particles 3-17 Function Word Codes: Be-verb, Auxiliary Verbs, Auxiliary Verb Equivalents 3-18 Function Word Codes: Coordinate Conjunctions, Coordinate Conjunction Equivalents, Subordinate Conjunctions, Subordinate Conjunction Equivalents, Conjunctive Adverbs, and Conjunctive Adverb Equivalents 3-19 Function Word Codes: Relative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs, Interrogative Adverbs 3-20 Other Function Words 3-21 Usage 3-18 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-1 Left Adjacency Attributes Used in The English Word Dictionary _______________________________________________________________________________ ___Category_______Code________Example_______________Comment/Explanation________ Blank ELB1 Indicates a blank space Noun with Ini- ELN1 noun Common or proper nouns beginning tial Consonant with a consonant sound Sound Noun with Ini- ELN2 announcement Common or proper nouns beginning tial Vowel with a vowel sound Sound Pronoun ELP1 I this Personal pronouns (except reflexive pronouns), interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and relative pronouns Reflexive Pro- ELP2 yourself Among the personal pronouns, those noun ending in 'self' and 'selves' are included in ELP2. Reflexive pro- nouns can stand alone as the object of the verb or verb complement, ob- ject of the preposition etc. and refers to the same person or thing as the subject. Adjective with ELA1 pretty Adjectives beginning with a con- Initial Con- sonant sound sonant Sound Adjective with ELA3 honest Adjectives beginning with a vowel Initial Vowel sound Sound Adverb with In- ELD1 dependently Common adverbs beginning with a itial Consonant consonant sound Sound Adverb with In- ELD3 actually Common adverbs beginning with a itial Vowel vowel sound Sound Verb with Ini- ELV1 go Verbs beginning with a consonant tial Consonant sound Sound Verb with Ini- ELV2 attend Verbs beginning with a vowel sound tial Vowel Sound Determiner with ELT1 few little Includes those indefinite deter- Initial Con- miners that may be preceded by the sonant Sound indefinite article 'a' (can follow in- definite arti- cle) 3-19 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Determiner with ELT2 Includes those Initial Vowel indefinite Sound (can fol- determiners low indefinite that may be article) preceded by the indefinite ar- ticle 'an' Word That Can- ELW1 with can which Applicable to following parts of not Be Preceded speech: By Indefinite Article (1) forms of the verb 'be', auxili- ary verbs or auxiliary verb equivalents (Note: applies to auxi- liaries other than the abbreviated forms coded ESF4, ESF5, ESF6) (2) adverbs (other than common ad- verbs) including relative adverbs, interrogative adverbs, adverbial particles, and conjunctive adverbs (3) prepositions or words serving as prepositions (4) definite determiners including demonstrative determiners, indefin- ite determiners (except those in- cluded under ELT1 and ELT2), and articles (5) interjections (6) coordinate and subordinate con- junctions and coordinate and subor- dinate conjunction equivalents Noun Ending: s ESN1 (boy)s Plural noun ending -s follows nouns with Inflection Pattern s Noun Ending: es ESN2 (box)es Plural noun ending -es follows nouns with Inflection Pattern es Noun Endings: y ESN3 (lad)y, Singular noun ending -y, and plural ies (lad)ies noun ending -ies follow nouns with Inflection Pattern y Noun Endings: ESN4 (wi)fe, (wi)ves Singular noun ending -fe, and plur- fe ves al noun ending -ves follow nouns with Inflection Pattern fe Noun Endings: f ESN5 (lea)f, Singular noun ending -f, and plural ves (lea)ves noun ending -ves follow nouns with Inflection Pattern f Noun Endings: s ESN6 (potato)s, Plural noun endings -s and -es fol- es (potato)es low nouns with Inflection Pattern s & es Plural Noun ESN7 (PTA)'s Plural noun ending -'s follows Form Ending: 's nouns with Inflection Pattern 's 3-20 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Plural Noun ESN8 (NP)s, (NP)'s Plural noun endings -s, -'s follow Form Endings: s nouns with Inflection Pattern s & 's 's Singular Form ESF1 (Taro)'s -'s ending follows nouns whose Noun Possessive singular form does not end in the Ending: 's letter 's,' and nouns whose singu- lar and plural forms are the same for formation of the possessive form. (Note: The abbreviated form of the verb 'be' ('s) is ESF6.) Special Singu- ESF2 (Jesus)' -' ending follows singular forms of lar Form Noun nouns ending in 's' to form posses- Possessive End- sive ing: ' Plural Form ESF3 (customers)' -' ending follows plural forms of Noun Possessive nouns ending in 's' to form posses- Ending: ' sive Special Plural ESF8 (men)'s -'s ending follows plural forms of Form Noun Pos- nouns not ending in 's' to form sessive Ending: possessive 's Contracted Verb ESF4 'm 've 'd Contracted verb forms of auxiliary Form (follows verbs and the verb 'be' beginning 1st person pro- with apostrophe that follow first noun - singular person singular nominative pronoun nominative) Contracted Verb ESF5 're 've 'd Contracted verb forms of auxiliary Form (follows verbs and the verb 'be' beginning 2nd person pro- with apostrophe that follow second noun and plural person singular and plural subject pronoun - nom- pronouns 'you' 'we' and 'they' inative) Contracted Verb ESF6 's 'd Contracted verb forms of auxiliary Form (follows verbs and the verb 'be' beginning 3rd person pro- with apostrophe that follow third noun - singular person singular subject pronouns nominative) Contracted Ne- ESF7 n't Contracted n't in words such as gation n't 'don't' and 'couldn't' Verb Endings: s ESV1 (agree)s, Verb endings -s, -d, and -ing fol- d ing (agree)d, low verbs with Inflection Pattern (agree)ing s-d Verb Endings: s ESV2 (turn)s, Verb endings -s, -ed, and -ing fol- ed ing (turn)ed, low verbs with Inflection Pattern (turn)ing s-ed Verb Endings: ESV3 (watch)es, Verb endings -es, -ed, and -ing es ed ing (watch)ed, follow verbs with Inflection Pat- (watch)ing tern es-ed Verb Endings: e ESV4 (hik)e, Verb endings -e, -es, -ed, and -ing es ed ing (hik)es, follow verbs with Inflection Pat- (hik)ed, tern e (hik)ing 3-21 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Verb Endings: y ESV5 (stud)y, Verb endings -y, -ies, -ied, and ies ied ying (stud)ies, -ying follow verbs with Inflection (stud)ied, Pattern y (stud)ying Verb Endings: ESV6 (d)ie, (d)ies, Verb endings -ie, -ies, -ied, and ie ies ied ying (d)ied, (d)ying -ying follow verbs with Inflection Pattern ie Verb Endings: s ESV7 (see)s, Verb endings -s and -ing follow ing (see)ing verbs with Inflection Pattern s-ing Verb Endings: ESV8 (go)es, (go)ing Verb endings -es and -ing follow es ing verbs with Inflection Pattern es- ing Verb Endings: e ESV9 (writ)e, Verb endings -e, -es, and -ing fol- es ing (writ)es, low verbs with Inflection Pattern (writ)ing e-ing Verb Endings: y ESVA (fl)y, (fl)ies, Verb endings -y, -ies, and -ying ies ying (fl)ying follow verbs with Inflection Pat- tern y-ying Verb Ending: s ESVB (put)s Verb endings -s ending follows verbs with Inflection Pattern s- irreg. Verb Endings: ESPB (mob)bed Verb endings within ESPB - ESPV are s/bed/bing applicable to verbs with Inflection Pattern s-C+ed. Verb endings comprise: the doubled final con- sonant of verb and -ed (past and past participle forms) and -ing (present progressive form). There is an accent on the final short vowel sound of the verb and endings follow the final consonant letter of the verb. Verb Endings: ESPD (pad)ded s/ded/ding Verb Endings: ESPF (peg)ged s/fed/fing ESPG Verb Endings: ESPK (picnic)ked s/ked/king Verb Endings: ESPL (control)led s/led/ling Verb Endings: ESPM (hum)med s/med/ming Verb Endings: ESPN (pin)ned s/ned/ning Verb Endings: ESPP (tap)ped s/ped/ping Verb Endings: ESPR (stir)red s/red/ring Verb Endings: ESPT (admit)ted s/ted/ting 3-22 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Verb Endings: ESPV (rev)ved s/ved/ving Adjective End- ESA1 (great)er, Adjective endings -er, -est follow ings: er est (great)est adjectives with Inflection Pattern er (-er for comparative degree and -est for superlative degree) Adjective End- ESA2 (wide)r, Adjective endings -r, -st follow ings: r st (wide)st final letter 'e' for adjectives with Inflection Pattern r (-r for comparative degree and -st for the superlative degree) Adjective End- ESA3 (eas)y, Adjective endings -y, -ier, -iest ings: y ier (eas)ier, follow adjectives with Inflection iest (eas)iest Pattern ier (-y for positive de- gree, -ier for comparative degree, and -iest for superlative degree) Adjective End- ESAB (drab)ber Adjective endings within ESAB - ings: ber/best ESAZ are applicable to adjectives with Inflection Pattern C+er. Ad- jective endings comprise: the dou- bled final consonant of adjective and -er (comparative degree) and -est (superlative degree). Adjective End- ESAD (sad)der ings: der/dest Adjective End- ESAF ings: fer/fest Adjective End- ESAG (big)ger ings: ger/gest Adjective End- ESAK ings: ker/kest Adjective End- ESAL (cruel)ler ings: ler/lest Adjective End- ESAM (slim)mer ings: mer/mest Adjective End- ESAN (thin)ner ings: ner/nest Adjective End- ESAP (lip)per ings: per/pest Adjective End- ESAR ings: rer/rest Adjective End- ESAS ings: ser/sest Adjective End- ESAT (hot)ter ings: ter/test Adjective End- ESAV ings: ver/vest Adjective End- ESAZ ings: zer/zest 3-23 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Adverb Endings: ESD1 (hard)er, Adverb endings -er, -est follow ad- er est (hard)est verbs with Inflection Pattern er (-er for com- parative degree and -est for superlative de- gree) Adverb Endings: ESD2 (late)r, Adverb endings -r, -st follow final r st (late)st letter 'e' for adverbs with Inflec- tion Pattern r (-r for comparative degree and -st for superlative de- gree) Adverb Endings: ESD3 (earl)y, -y, -ier, -iest endings follow ad- y ier iest (earl)ier, verbs with Inflection Pattern ier (earl)iest (-y for positive degree, -ier for comparative degree, and -iest for superlative degree) Adverb Endings: ESDB Adverb endings within ESDB - ESDZ ber/best are applicable to adverbs with In- flection Pattern C+er. Adverb end- ings comprise: the doubled final consonant of adverb and -er (com- parative degree) and -est (superla- tive degree). Adverb Endings: ESDD der/dest Adverb Endings: ESDF fer/fest Adverb Endings: ESDG ger/gest Adverb Endings: ESDK ker/kest Adverb Endings: ESDL ler/lest Adverb Endings: ESDM mer/mest Adverb Endings: ESDN ner/nest Adverb Endings: ESDP per/pest Adverb Endings: ESDR rer/rest Adverb Endings: ESDS ser/sest Adverb Endings: ESDT ter/test Adverb Endings: ESDV ver/vest Adverb Endings: ESDZ zer/zest Uncapitalized ELS1 a, b, c All uncapitalized letters of the Roman letter Roman alphabet 3-24 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Capitalized Ro- ELS2 A, B, C All capitalized letters of the Ro- man letter man alphabet Abbreviation ELS3 . Period ( ) symbol follows an abbre- Mark viation as is used in the abbrevia- tions 'Mr.' and 'etc.' Connection Sym- ELS4 - , _ Symbols that express connectivity bol such as the hyphen (-) and the underline bar (_) Decimal Point ELS5 . Period ( ) symbol as is used to in- dicate decimal fractions as in '3.2' SI-prefix ELS6 k Can follow numerals (ELS8) and can be followed by units of measure (ELS7) Unit of Measure ELS7 m, g Units that follow a measured amount (ELS8) such as m in 1m (meter) or SI-prefix in ELS6 Numeral ELS8 1, 2, 3 Indicates numerals Punctuation ELS9 , : ; Indicate breaks or divisions in Mark of text (including comma, colon, semi- Sseparation colon) Fullstop Punc- ELSA ! ? Indicates full breaks between sen- tuation Mark tences or full breaks in text Special Symbol ELSB &, Roman_Numerals____ELSC____I,_II,_III___________________________________________ 3-25 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-2 Right Adjacency Attributes Used in the English Word Dictionary _______________________________________________________________________________ ___Category_______Code________Example_______________Comment/Explanation________ Blank ERB1 Indicates a blank space Indefinite ar- ERR1 a ticle: a Indefinite ar- ERR2 an ticle: an Definite arti- ERR3 the cle: the Prefix ERPF semi-, un- Morpheme that is affixed to the be- ginning of a word to change meaning or function of word Noun: Inflec- ECN1 book(s) Noun followed by plural noun ending tion Pattern s -s Noun: Inflec- ECN2 dish(es) Noun followed by plural noun ending tion Pattern es -es Noun: Inflec- ECN3 lad(y), Noun followed by singular noun end- tion Pattern y lad(ies) ing -y and plural noun ending -ies Noun: Inflec- ECN4 kni(fe) Nouns followed by singular noun tion Pattern fe ending -fe and plural noun ending -ves Noun: Inflec- ECN5 lea(f) Noun followed by singular noun end- tion Pattern f ing -f and plural noun ending -ves Noun: Inflec- ECN6 potato(s), Noun that can be followed by plural tion Pattern s potato(es) noun endings -s or -es & es Noun: Inflec- ECN7 PTA('s) Noun followed by plural noun ending tion Pattern 's -'s Noun: Inflec- ECN8 NP(s), NP('s) Noun that can be followed by plural tion Pattern s noun endings -s or -'s & 's Singular Form ERN1 man, tooth, da- Includes the following: Noun (final tum letter not 's') (1) singular forms of nouns with irregular inflection pattern (2) nouns that do not have a plural form including abstract nouns, con- crete nouns, and abbreviated nouns (monopolism, water) (3) singular noun endings (lad)-y, (kni)-fe, (lea)-f ERN1 is limited to singular forms that do not end in the letter 's'. The right adja- cency attribute for singular forms ending in 's' is ERN5. Nouns within ERN1 are followed by the possessive noun ending -'s. The possessive noun ending for nouns in ERN5 is -' (or -'s). 3-26 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Plural Form ERN2 analyses, Includes the following: Noun (final irides, ma- letter 's') trices (1) plural forms of nouns with ir- regular inflection that end in 's' (irregular inflection forms ending in ses/xes) such as 'analyses' and 'theses' (2) plural noun endings (book)-s, (box)-es, and (lad)-ies. Just as for singular forms of irregularly inflected nouns, the right adjacen- cy attribute for plural forms of nouns differs if the plural form ends in 's'. ERN2 is limited to plural forms of nouns whose final letter is 's'. The right adjacency attribute for plural forms of nouns whose final letter is not 's' is ERN6. Nouns within ERN2 are fol- lowed by the possessive noun ending -'. The possessive noun ending for nouns in ERN6 is -'s. Noun: Common ERN3 sheep, deer Applicable to: nouns with common Singular and singular and plural forms that do Plural Form not end in 's'. The right adjacen- (final letter cy attribute for nouns with common not 's') singular and plural forms ending in 's' is ERN7. Nouns within ERN3 are followed by the possessive noun ending -'s. The possessive noun ending for nouns within ERN7 is -' or -s. Possessive Form ERN4 (Taro)'s, -'s, -' possessive noun endings Noun (Jesus)', (cus- tomers)' Singular Form ERN5 analysis, Includes the following: Noun (final Jesus, Jones letter 's') (1) singular forms of nouns with irregular inflection pattern that end in 's' (-sas/-ses/-sis/-sos/- sus) 3-27 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY (2) nouns that do not have a plural form that end in 's' The right ad- jacency attribute for singular forms that do not end in 's' is ERN1. Nouns within ERN5 are fol- lowed by the possessive noun ending -' or -'s as in the examples: Jesus', Mr. Jones' and Mr. Jones's. The possessive noun end- ing for nouns in ERN1 is -'s. Plural Form ERN6 men, corpora, Applicable to: plural forms of Noun (final geese, mice nouns with irregular inflection letter not 's') that do not end in 's'. The right adjacency attribute for plural forms of nouns that end is 's' is ERN2. Nouns within ERN6 are fol- lowed by the possessive noun ending -'s. The possessive noun ending for nouns with ERN2 is -'. Noun: Common ERN7 corps, walrus, Applicable to: nouns with common Singular and chassis, bour- singular and plural forms that end Plural forms geois in 's'. The right adjacency attri- (final letter bute for nouns with common singular 's') and plural forms not ending in 's' is ERN3. Nouns within ERN7 are followed by the possessive noun endings -' or -'s. The possessive noun ending for nouns within ERN3 is -'s. Personal Pro- ERP1 I First person singular personal pro- noun (nomina- noun that appears in subject posi- tive, 1st per- tion son singular) Personal Pro- ERP2 you, we, they Second person singular/plural per- noun (nomina- sonal pronouns and first and third tive, 2nd per- person plural personal pronouns son that appear in subject position singular/plural and plural) Personal Pro- ERP3 he, she Third person singular personal pro- noun (nomina- nouns that appear in subject posi- tive, 3rd per- tion son singular) Personal Pro- ERP4 my, your, our, Possessive personal pronouns that noun (deter- his, her, their modify following noun minative pos- sessive) Personal Pro- ERP5 me, you Personal pronouns that appear in noun (objec- object position tive) 3-28 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Personal Pro- ERP7 mine Personal pronouns indicating owner- noun (indepen- ship that can appear in both sub- dent posses- ject and object position sive) Personal Pro- ERP8 myself Reflexive pronouns can stand alone noun (reflex- as the object of the verb or verb ive) complement, object of the preposi- tion etc, and refers to the same person or thing as the subject. Demonstrative ERP9 this, that Demonstrative pronouns are those Pronoun (singu- words that can stand alone as the lar form) subject or object and which make reference to words, phrases or oth- er content within a sentence. ERP9 refers to singular demonstrative pronouns such as 'this' in 'This is my hat. Demonstrative ERPA these, those Pronoun (plural form) Demonstrative ERPB this, that Demonstrative determiners are words Determiner that appear before a noun and which (singular form) make reference to words, phrases or other content within a sentence. ERPB refers to singular demonstra- tive determiners as in the phrase 'this' of 'this hat'. Demonstrative ERPC these, those, Determiner them (plural form) Indefinite Pro- ERPD everybody, Among those words indicating some- noun (singular another, each, thing or someone indefinite, those form) everything, one that can stand alone as the subject or object and are treated as singu- lar in verb agreement are included in ERPD. Included among the inde- finite pronouns are words labeled quantifiers such as 'some', and 'all' and compound indefinite pro- nouns formed by adding words such as 'thing', 'body' and 'one' (e.g. something). Indefinite Pro- ERPE both, others, Among those words indicating some- noun (plural some, either thing or someone indefinite, those form) that are treated as plural in verb agreement as well as can stand alone as the subject or object are included in ERPE. 3-29 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Relative Pro- ERL1 who, which, Words that have the combined func- noun (nomina- that tion of pronoun and conjunction are tive) referred to as relative pronouns. ERL1 includes pronouns beginning with 'wh' and the word 'that'. Re- lative pronouns fulfill the role of subject in the relative clause. Relative Pro- ERL2 whose Relative pronouns act as possessive noun (posses- pronouns in the relative clause sive) such as 'whose' in the phrase 'the house whose roof was damaged'. Relative Pro- ERL3 whom, which, Relative pronouns fulfill the role noun (objec- that of object in the relative clause. tive) Relative Pro- ERL4 what Relative pronouns which express the noun (what) meaning 'the thing which' and 'any- thing that'. The relative pronoun 'what' when by itself incorporates the meaning of its antecedant. For example 'what' in the sentence 'This is what was damaged.' refers to 'the house which' in the sen- tence, 'This is the house which was damaged.' Relative Adverb ERL5 where, when In that the relative clause is con- nected to its antecedent, the rela- tive adverb is similar to the rela- tive pronoun. The relative adverb differs from the relative pronoun in that it functions as an adverb in the relative clause. Interrogative ERQ1 who, which, Pronouns used to express questions Pronoun (nom- what or doubt are interrogative pro- inative) nouns. Nominative interrogative pronouns are used to determine the subject. Interrogative ERQ2 whose, which Interrogative pronouns are used to Pronoun (pos- determine ownership as in the sen- sessive) tence, 'Whose book is this?'. Interrogative ERQ3 whom, which Interrogative pronouns are used to Pronoun (objec- determine the object. tive) Interrogative ERQ4 what The words 'what', 'which', and Determiner 'whose' when used as adjectives are interrogative determiners. Exam- ples: "What color is your hat?", "Which information do you want?", and "Whose ideas are these?". Interrogative ERQ6 where, when Adverbs used to express question or Adverb doubt. 3-30 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Cardinal Number ERM1 one Words used to indicate a number of things Ordinal Number ERM2 first Words used to indicate an order or sequence Be-verb (be) ERE1 Be-verb (am) ERE2 Be-verb (are) ERE3 Be-verb (is) ERE4 Be-verb (was) ERE5 Be-verb (were) ERE6 Be-verb (been) ERE7 Be-verb (being) ERE8 Auxiliary Verb ERO1 (do) Auxiliary Verb ERO2 (does) Auxiliary Verb ERO3 (did) Auxiliary Verb ERH1 (have) Auxiliary Verb ERH2 (has) Auxiliary Verb ERH3 (had) Auxiliary Verb ERH4 (having) Infinitive 'To' ERTO 'to' introduces a verb infinitive Other Auxiliary ERX1 must, have to Auxiliary verbs and auxiliary verb Verbs equivalents. Auxiliary verbs in ERX1 are modals such as 'must', 'shall', 'can', 'may' etc. Coordinate Con- ERC1 and Coordinating conjunctions (or coor- junction dinating conjunction equivalents) that indicate coordination between words, phrases, or clauses Subordinate ERC2 if Subordinate conjunctions (or subor- Conjunction dinate conjunction equivalents) and conjunctive adverbs that join a subordinate clause to the main clause Verb: Inflec- ECV1 agree(s) Verb followed by verb endings: -s tion Pattern (third person singular), -d (past s-d and past participle) and -ing (present participle) Verb: Inflec- ECV2 turn(s) Verb followed by verb ending: -s tion Pattern (third person singular), -ed (past s-ed and past participle) and -ing (present participle) Verb: Inflec- ECV3 watch(es) Verb followed by verb endings: -es tion Pattern (third person singular), -ed (past es-ed and past participle) and -ing (present participle) 3-31 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Verb: Inflec- ECV4 lik(e) Verb followed by verb endings: -e tion Pattern e (infinitive), -es (third person singular), -ed (past and past par- ticiple) and -ing (present partici- ple) Verb: Inflec- ECV5 stud(y) Verb followed by verb endings: -y tion Pattern y (infinitive), -ies (third person singular), -ied (past and past par- ticiple) and -ying (present parti- ciple) Verb: Inflec- ECV6 d(ie) Verb followed by verb endings: -ie tion Pattern ie (infinitive), -ies (third person singular), -ied (past and past par- ticiple) and -ying (present parti- ciple) Verb: Inflec- EPVB mob(s) Verb followed by third person tion Pattern singular verb ending -s and by verb s-tt: a ending comprised of the doubled final consonant of the verb and ending -ed (past and past partici- ple) and ending -ing (present par- ticiple). Verbs included have a final consonant letter b, c, d, f, g, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v and there is an accent on the final short vowel sound of the verb. EPVD pad(s) EPVF EPVG peg(s) EPVK trek(s), picnic(s) EPVL control(s) EPVM hum(s) EPVN pin(s) EPVP tap(s) EPVR stir(s) EPVT admit(s) EPVV shiv(s) Verb: Inflec- ECV7 see(s) Verb followed by verb endings -s tion Pattern (third person singular), and -ing s-ing (present participle) that has ir- regular past and past participle forms Verb: Inflec- ECV8 go(es) Verb followed by verb endings -es tion Pattern (third person singular), and -ing es-ing (present participle) and that has irregular past and past participle forms 3-32 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Verb: Inflec- ECV9 writ(e) Verb followed by verb endings -e tion Pattern (infinitive), -es (third person e-ing singular), and -ing (present parti- ciple) and that has irregular past and past participle forms Verb: Inflec- ECVA fl(y) Verb followed by verb endings -y tion Pattern (infinitive), -ies (third person y-ying singular), and -ying (present par- ticiple) and that has irregular past and past participle forms Verb: Inflec- ECVB put(s) Verb followed by verb ending -s tion Pattern (third person singular) that has s-irreg. irregular present participle, past, and past participle forms Verb: Infini- ERV1 have, (stud)y Includes infinitive forms of verbs tive form not with irregular inflection patterns followed by and verb endings for infinitive verb ending form of verb. Verb: Third ERV2 has, (get)s Includes third person singular Person Singular forms of verbs with irregular in- Form flection patterns and third person singular verb endings Verb: Past Form ERV3 went, (lik)ed Includes past forms of verbs with irregular inflection patterns and past form verb endings. Verb: Past Par- ERV4 gone, (lik)ed Includes past participle forms of ticiple Form verbs with irregular infection pat- terns and past participle verb end- ings. Verb: Present ERV5 putting, Includes present participle forms Participle Form (go)ing of verbs with irregular inflection patterns and present participle verb endings. Adjective: In- ECA1 small(er) Adjective followed by adjective flection Pat- endings: -er (comparative degree) tern er and -est (superlative degree) Adjective: In- ECA2 wide(r) Adjective followed by adjective flection Pat- endings: -r (comparative degree) tern r and -st (superlative degree) Note: applies to only those adjec- tives ending in letter 'e' that are followed by an adjective ending. Adjective: In- ECA3 happ(y) Adjective followed by adjective flection Pat- endings: -y (positive degree), -ier tern ier (comparative degree) and -iest (su- perlative degree) 3-33 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Adjective: In- ECAB drab(ber) Adjectives whose comparative and flection Pat- superlative forms are generated by tern tt doubling the final consonant of the adjective and adding -er (compara- tive) and -est (superlative). Ap- plicable to only those adjectives composed of a single short vowel sound that take a comparative in- flectional ending. ECAD sad(der) ECAF ECAG big(ger) ECAK ECAL cruel(ler) ECAM slim(mer) ECAN thin(ner) ECAP lip(per) ECAR ECAS ECAT hot(ter) ECAV ECAZ Adjective: Po- ERA1 good, (happ)y, Includes: sitive Degree beautiful Form - not fol- lowed by adjec- tive ending (1) positive degree form of adjec- tives with irregular inflection pattern (2) adjective endings for positive degree form of adjective (3) positive degree form of adjec- tives whose comparative and super- lative forms are not formed by an adjective ending Comparative De- ERA2 better, Includes: gree Form of (happ)ier Adjective (1) comparative degree form of ad- jectives with irregular inflection pattern (2) comparative degree form adjec- tive endings Superlative De- ERA3 best, Includes: gree Form of (happ)iest Adjective (1) superlative degree form of ad- jectives with irregular inflection pattern (2) superlative degree form adjec- tive endings 3-34 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Adverb: Inflec- ECD1 hard(er) Adverb followed by adverb endings: tion Pattern er -er (comparative degree) and -est (superlative degree) Adverb: Inflec- ECD2 late(r) Adverb followed by adverb endings: tion Pattern r -r (comparative degree) and -st (superlative degree) Adverb: Inflec- ECD3 earl(y) Adverb followed by adverb endings: tion Pattern -y (positive degree), -ier (com- ier parative degree) and -iest (super- lative degree) Adverb: Inflec- ECDB Adverbs whose comparative and su- tion Pattern tt perlative forms are generated by doubling the final consonant of the adverb and adding -er (comparative) and -est (superlative). Applicable to only those adverbs composed of a single short vowel sound that take a comparative inflectional ending. ECDD ECDF ECDG big(ger) ECDK ECDL ECDM ECDN thin(ner) ECDP flop(per) ECDR ECDS ECDT hot(ter) ECDV ECDZ Adverb: Posi- ERD1 well, (earl)y, Includes: tive Degree carefully Form - not fol- lowed by adverb ending (1) positive degree form of adverbs with irregular inflection pattern (2) adverb endings for positive de- gree form of adverb (3) positive degree form of adverb for adverbs whose comparative and superlative forms are not formed by an adverb ending Comparative De- ERD2 better, Includes: gree Form of (hard)er Adverb (1) comparative degree form of ad- verbs with irregular inflection pattern (2) comparative degree adverb end- ings 3-35 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Superlative De- ERD3 best, (hard)est Includes: gree Form of Adverb (1) superlative degree form of ad- verbs with irregular inflection pattern (2) superlative degree adverb end- ings Adverbial Par- ERD5 off, up ticle Interjection ERIT oh, gosh Includes interjections of surprise, joy, anger, sadness and other feel- ings expressed for emphasis. Preposition ERPP about, in front Prepositions or prepostion of equivalents Uncapitalized ERS1 a, b, c All uncapitalized letters of the Roman Letter Roman alphabet Capitalized Ro- ERS2 A, B, C All capitalized letters of the Ro- man Letter man alphabet Abbreviation ERS3 . Period ( ) symbol follows an abbre- Mark viation such as 'Mr.' and 'etc.' Connection Sym- ERS4 - , _ Symbols that express connectivity bol such as the hyphen (-) and the underline bar (_) Decimal Point ERS5 . Period ( ) symbol as is used to in- dicate decimal fractions '3.2' SI-prefix ERS6 k Can follow numeral (ERS8) and can be followed by units of measure (ELS7) Unit of Measure ERS7 m, g Units that follow a measured amount such as m in 1m (meter) or charac- ter in ERS6 Numeral ERS8 1, 2, 3 Indicates numerals Punctuation ERS9 , : ; Indicate breaks or divisions in Mark of Separa- text (including comma, colon, semi- tion colon) Fullstop Punc- ERSA ! ? Indicates full breaks between sen- tuation Mark tences or full breaks in text Special symbol ERSB ~ Roman_Numeral_____ERSC____I,_II,_III___________________________________________ 3-36 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-3 Part of Speech Assignments _______________________________________________________________________________ ___Category____________Part_of_Speech_________Code_____________Example_________ Nouns Common Noun EN1 book Proper Noun EN2 Tokyo Cardinal Number EN3 one, two Ordinal Number EN4 first Classifier EN5 piece, amount, bit Pronouns Personal Pronoun EP1 I, my, me, mine Interrogative Pronoun EP2 who, what Demonstrative Pronoun EP3 this, that Indefinite Pronoun EP4 some, anyone Relative Pronoun EP5 who, whose, that Verbs Verb EVE run Be-verb EBE am, are, is Adjectives Adjective EAJ beautiful Adverbs Relative Adverb ED1 whenever Interrogative Adverb ED2 how Adverbial Particle ED3 off, up, back, round Conjunctive Adverb ED4 because, since Common Adverb ED5 very, actually Prepositions Preposition EPR in, on, at Preposition Equivalent EPR2 in front of, according to, regarding Determiners Demonstrative Determiner ET1 this, that Indefinite Determiner ET2 any, both, either, such Article EAR a, an, the Auxiliary Verbs EAV will, must Auxiliary Verb Equivalent EAV2 have to, would rather Interjections Interjection EIT ah, oh Conjunctions Coordinate Conjunction EC1 and, but Coordinate Conjunction EC12 Equivalent Subordinate Conjunction EC2 whether Subordinate Conjunction EC22 even if, so that Equivalent To-Infinitive To-Infinitive EFT to, not to Affixes Suffix EPF semi- Word Endings Noun Ending EEN (book)s Verb Ending EEV (turn)s, (turn)ed, (turn)ing Adjective Ending EEA (small)er, (small)est Adverb Ending EED (hard)er, (hard)est Phrases and Noun Phrase ENP Sentences Verb Phrase EVP kick the bucket Adjective Phrase EAP green with envy Adverb Phrase EDP all in good time Preposition Phrase EPP under the counter Independent Phrase EIP no names, no pack drills 3-37 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Sentence ESE Time flies like an arrow. Other Unit EUN cm, kg __________________Symbol______________________ESY_____A,_B,_C,_a,_b,_c,_?,_&___ 3-38 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-4 Word Form Information _______________________________________________________________________________ Part of Code Word Form Comment/Explanation _Speech________________________________________________________________________ Verb EVSTM Invariable Portion Applicable to verbs, be-verbs, aux- iliary EVB Stem Form verbs and verb endings EVS 3rd Person Singular Present Tense EVED Past Tense EVEN Past Participle EVING Present Participle, Gerund Form Noun ENSTM Invariable Portion Applicable to common nouns, proper nouns, ENSG Singular Form noun classifiers, and noun endings ENPL Plural Form ENHM Common ENPOS Possessive Case Adjective EASTM Invariable Portion Applicable to adjectives and adjec- tive endings EAPOS Positive Degree EACMP Comparative Degree EASUP Superlative Degree Adverb EDSTM Invariable Portion Applicable to adverbs and adverb endings EDPOS Positive Degree EDCMP Comparative Degree _____________EDSUP___Superlative_Degree________________________________________ Table 3-5 Case and Number For Pronouns __________________________________________________________________ ___Code_________________Comment_____________________Example_______ EPC1 Subjective I EPC2 Determinative possessive my EPC3 Objective me EPC4 Independent possessive mine EPC5 Reflexive pronoun myself EPP1SG 1st person singular I EPP1PL 1st person plural we EPP2SG 2nd person singular you EPP2PL 2nd person plural you EPP3SG 3rd person singular it EPP3PL_______3rd_person_plural________________they________________ 3-39 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-6 Verb Inflection Pattern ______________________________________________________________________________ Inflection Code Ex- Word In- 3 Sg. Past Past Present Pattern ample Form fini- Form Form Parti- Parti- tive End- Ending ciple ciple End- ing Ending Ending _____________________________________ing______________________________________ Regular Inflection s-d ECV1 agree EVB - s d d ing s-ed ECV2 turn EVB - s ed ed ing es-ed ECV3 watch EVB - es ed ed ing e ECV4 hik EVSTM e es ed ed ing y ECV5 stud EVSTM y ies ied ied ying ie ECV6 d EVSTM ie ies ied ied ying s-tt EPVB bat EVB - s C + ed C + ed C + ing ~EPVZ Partially Irregular Inflection s-ing ECV7 see EVB - s (*) (*) ing es-ing ECV8 go EVB - es (*) (*) ing e-ing ECV9 writ EVSTM e es (*) (*) ing y-ying ECVA fl EVSTM y ies (*) (*) ying s-irreg. ECVB hit EVB - s (*) (*) (*) Irregular EVIRG have EVB (*) (*) (*) (*) (*) Inflection____________________________________________________________________ Note 1: '*' indicates an irregular inflection pattern. The irregularly inflected forms are registered in the dictionary as independent headwords. EVIRG is the word form information for irregularly inflecting verb forms. For example, the form 'see' is coded ECV7 and the inflection information for 'saw' is EVIRG. Note 2: 'C + er' and 'C + ing' indicate the doubling of the final consonant of the headword and addition of -ed and -ing. The last character of the code indicates the final consonant to be doubled. For example, 'jog' is coded ECVG and 'bat' ECVT to form 'jogged/batted' and 'jogging/batting'. Note 3: Inflection information is given for all verbs and all forms of the verb 'be'. 3-40 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-7 Noun Inflection Pattern ___________________________________________________________________________ Inflection Pat- Code Example Word Form Singular Plural tern Noun End- Noun End- ____________________________________________________ing__________ing_______ s ECN1 boy ENSG - s es ECN2 box ENSG - es y ECN3 lad ENSTM y ies fe ECN4 wi ENSTM fe ves f ECN5 lea ENSTM f ves s & es ECN6 potato ENSG - s, es 's ECN7 ENSG - 's s &'s ECN8 NP ENSG - s, 's Irregular_________ENIRG________________ENSG___________(Separate_Headword)__ Note 1: '*' indicates an irregular inflection pattern. The irregularly inflected forms are registered in the dictionary as independent headwords. ENIRG is the word form information for irregularly inflecting noun forms. For example, the irregular plural form 'teeth' is coded ENIRG for inflection information. Note 2: The inflection information field is left blank for nouns that do not change forms, such as non-count nouns and countable nouns that share the same form are not given a inflection information. 3-41 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-8 Adjective Inflection Pattern _______________________________________________________________________________ Inflection Code Example Word Form Posi- Com- Super- Pattern tive para- lative Form tive Form Ending Form Ending ______________________________________________________________Ending___________ er ECA1 hard EAPOS - er est r ECA2 pale EAPOS - r st ier ECA3 eas EASTM y ier iest tt ECAB~ECAZ big EAPOS - C + er C + est Irregular____EAIRG_______good_________EAPOS________-_________(*)________(*)____ Note 1: '*' indicates an irregular inflection pattern. The irregularly inflected forms are registered in the dictionary as independent headwords. EAIRG is the word form information for irregularly inflecting adjective forms. For example, the superlative form 'better' and superlative form 'best' for the adjecitve 'good' are recorded with EAIRG for inflection information. Note 2: 'C + er' and 'C + est' indicate the doubling of the final consonant of the headword and addition of -er and -est. The last character of the code indicates the final consonant to be doubled. For example, 'big' is coded ECAG to form 'bigger' and 'biggest'. Note 3: No inflection code is given for adjectives that do not inflect. 3-42 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-9 Adverb Inflection Pattern _______________________________________________________________________________ Inflection Code Example Word Form Posi- Com- Super- Pattern tive para- lative Form tive Form Ending Form Ending ______________________________________________________________Ending___________ er ECD1 deep EDPOS - er est r ECD2 late EDPOS - r st ier ECD3 earl EDSTM y ier iest tt ECDB~ECDZ hot EDPOS - C + er C + est Irregular____EDIRG_______well_________EDPOS________-_________(*)________(*)____ Note 1: '*' indicates an irregular inflection pattern. The irregularly inflected forms are registered in the dictionary as independent headwords. EDIRG is the word form information for irregularly inflecting adverb forms. For example, the comparative form 'better' and superlative form 'best' for the adverb 'well' are recorded with EDIRG for inflection information. Note 2: 'C + er' and 'C + est' indicate the doubling of the final consonant of the headword and addition of -er and -est. The last character of the code indicates the final consonant to be doubled. For example, 'hot' is coded ECDT to form 'hotter' and 'hot'. Note 3: No inflection code is given for adverbs that do not inflect. 3-43 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-10 Verbs: Grammatical Attributes and Grammatical Information _____________________________________________________________________________ _____Code________________________________Explanation_________________________ EVIT0 Takes neither a direct object nor an indirect object (SV/SVC/SV+ADV) Note: [EVSC0]is coded together with [EVIT0] if a subjective complement is required. EVIO0 Necessarily takes an indirect object (SVOO) Note: 'Indirect object' is an object which is not a direct object. If [EVIO0] is assigned [EVDO0] must also be assigned. EVIO1 [Indirect Object (IO) + Direct Object (DO)] is replaceable with [Direct Object (DO) +'to' + noun phrase]. EVIO2 [Indirect Object (IO) + Direct Object (DO)] is replaceable with [Direct Object (DO) + 'for' + noun phrase]. Note: [EVIO1] and [EVIO2] cannot be assigned together. EVDO0 Necessarily takes a direct object (SVO/SVOO/SVOC/SVOC+ADV) EVDO1 DO = noun phrase (includes proper nouns and pronouns) EVDO2 DO = that - clause EVDO3 DO = subordinate wh / if - clause EVDO4 DO = wh - to - infinitive phrase EVDO5 DO = bare infinitive phrase EVDO6 DO = to - infinitive phrase EVDO7 DO = -ing phrase EVDO8* DO = for to-infinitive phrase EVDO9* DO = noun phrase + -ing phrase Note: [EVDO0] must be accompanied by one and only one from [EVDO1 - 9]. * To be included in next version EVSC0 Necessarily takes a subjective complement (SVC) EVOC0 Necessarily takes an objective complement (SVOC) EVC10 C = noun phrase (including proper nouns and pronouns) EVC20 C = adjective phrase EVC30 C = 'to be' + noun phrase EVC40 C = 'to be' + adjective phrase EVC50 C = bare infinitive phrase EVC60 C = to - infinitive phrase EVC70 C = past participle EVC80 C = -ing phrase EVC91* C = like + noun phrase EVC92* C = as + noun phrase EVC93* C = for + noun phrase Note: Both [EVSC0] and [EVOC0] must be accompanied by one and only one from [EVC10 - 93]. * To be included in next version EVSA0 Necessarily takes a prepositional phrase (SV+ADV/SVO+ADV) EVSA2 ADP= preposition + noun phrase (A code from Table 3-15 must be assigned.) 3-44 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Prepositions that can occur at the same in a sentence are given. Prepositions that cannot occur at the same time, are given on separate records. EVSA4* ADP= prepositional phrase or adverb that indicates place, time, direction or manner EVSA5 ADP = to-infinitive EVSA6 ADP = ing phrase Note: [EVSA0] must be accompanied by one and only one from [EVSA2-6]. * To be included in next version EVSI1 Prop 'it' sentence structure ('It' in subject position and has no referent) Ex. It rains. EVSI2 Occurs in 'it-that' sentence structure, with 'It' as subject Ex. It seems that the wind has blown the trees over. It is said that humans have lived on earth for millions of years. EVSI3 Occurs in 'as-if' sentence structure, with 'It' as subject Ex. It appears as if the movie will start late. EVSI4 Occurs in 'whether' sentence structure, with 'It' as subject Ex. It doesn't matter whether you take the medicine in the morning or in the evening. EVSI5* Occurs with to-infinitive phrase, with 'It' in subject posi- tion Ex. It appears to be the only one left. EVSI6* Occurs with wh-to infinitive phrase, with 'It' in subject position Ex. It wasn't apparent how to solve the problem. EVSI7* Occurs with for-to infinitive phrase, with 'It' in subject position Ex. It was considered impossible for anyone to reach the top. Note: the sentence pattern information for 'consider' is: EVIT0;EVSC0;EVC20;EVSI7;EVEXPASS EVSA1 Sentence structure in which 'there' is the subject of the sentence Ex. There seems to be a misunderstanding. Note: all applicable codes given when appropriate. * To be included in next version. EVTH2 That' clause following verb can be replaced with 'so' Ex. He believed that he could run the hundred meter dash in under nine seconds. -> He believed so. EVTH3 That clause' following verb can be replaced with 'not' Ex. He believed that he could run the hundred meter dash in under nine seconds. __________________->_He_believed_not._________________________________________ Note: Code is given when applicable. 3-45 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY _________________________________________________________________________________ _______Code______________________________Comment/Explanation_____________________ EVNOPASS Allows no passive Ex. He lacks motivation. * Motivation is lacked by him. EVEXPASS Occurs only in the passive form Ex. John was said to be a good teacher. * They said him to be a good teacher. * Indicates an ill-formed construction. EVNOPRG Does not occur in the progressive tense Ex. * I am knowing him for a long time. EVEXPRG Occurs only in the progressive tense Ex. The baby is teething _____________________*_Indicates_an_ill-formed_construction._____________________ Code Combinations Note: The codes on the left must be accompanied by a code indicated on the right. [EVIO0]->[EVDO0] [EVOC0]->[EVDO0] [EVDO0]->[EVDO1-9 ] One code from EVDO1-9 [EVSC0]->[EVC10-93] One code from EVC10-93 [EVOC0]->[EVC10-93] One code from EVC10-93 [EVSA0]->[EVSA2-6 ] One code from EVSA2-6 [EVSA2]-> Specific Preposition Code 3-46 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Sentence Pattern Note: Sentence pattern given for obligatory cases only. One of the combinations given below is provided as sentence pattern information for the verb. ______________________________________________________________________________ (1) SV [EVIT0] Ex. He smokes. (2) SV+ADV [EVIT0]+[EVSA0]+[EVSA2-6] Ex. EVSA2 We drank to his good health. EVSA4 They are staying over there. He behaved poorly. EVSA5 He agreed to help the students. EVSA6 The waves continued breaking. (3) SVC [EVIT0]+[EVSC0]+[EVC10-93] Ex. EVC10 She became a famous artist. ECV20 The lion seemed restless and impatient. The lion became restless. ECV30 He seemed to be a good doctor. ECV40 He seems to be relaxed. ECV50 * no example available * ECV60 She appears to have left for the day. ECV70 He got trapped. ECV80 * no example available * ECV91 He behaved like a fool. ECV92 He masqueraded as a police officer. ECV93 * no example available * (4) SVC+ADV [EVIT0]+[EVSC0]+[EVC10-93]+[EVSA0]+[EVSA2-6] Coding combination is possible. However, verbs that take this as an obligatory pattern are not considered likely. (5) SVO [EVDO0]+[EVDO1-9] Ex. EVDO1 She stopped the car. EVDO2 Everyone hoped (that) the war would soon come to an end. EVDO3 I don't know if we will be able to go. EVDO4 The hamster discovered how to open his cage. EVDO5 I helped clean the windows. EVDO6 Mary hates to wake up early. EVDO7 He enjoys seeing movies. EVDO8 They want us to move. EVDO9 The company dislikes the workers showing up late. (6) SVO+ADV [EVDO0]+[EVDO1-9]+[EVSA0]+[EVSA2-6] Ex. EVDO1;EVSA2 I explained the details to him. EVDO1;EVSA4 Please put these boxes over there. EVDO1;EVSA5 He brought his wife to see the doctor. EVDO1;EVSA6 I caught the child stealing strawberries. Combinations of [EVDO2-9] and [EVSA2-6] are also possible. (7) SVOO [EVIO0]+([EVIO1-2])+[EVDO0]+[EVDO1-9] Ex. EVDO1;EVIO1 He gave the foundation a generous contribu- tion. EVDO1;EVIO2 He bought the children a rocking horse. 3-47 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY EVDO1 He allowed me a choice. EVDO2 The lawyer convinced the jury (that) the ac- cussed was guilty. EVDO3 Tell the doctor who we should call. EVDO4 Tell me what to do next. EVDO5 * no example available * EVDO6 I persuaded the boss to give the workers a raise. EVDO7 * no example available * Combinations of [EVIO1-2] and [EVDO1-9] are also possible. (8) SVOO+ADV [EVIO0]+([EVIO1-2])+[EVDO0]+ [EVDO1- 9]+[EVSA0]+[EVSA2-6] Coding combination is possible. However, verbs that take this as an obligatory pattern are not considered likely. (9) SVOC [EVDO0]+[EVDO1-9]+[EVOC0]+[EVC10-93] EVDO1;EVC10 The town has elected you its mayor. EVDO1;EVC20 The long walk made her hungry. EVDO1;EVC30 John believed the stranger to be a policeman. EVDO1;EVC40 The newscaster reported the traffic to be heavy. EVDO1;EVC50 The glasses help him see. EVDO1;EVC60 They expected the doctors to find the cure. EVDO1;EVC70 I want this room cleaned immediately. EVDO1;EVC80 I saw the girls cheating. EVDO1;EVC91 She treats us like children. EVDO1;EVC92 They treated him as a king. EVDO1;EVC93 They took him for a fool. Combinations of [EVDO2-9] and [EVC10-93] are also possible. (10) SVOC+ADV [EVDO0]+[EVDO1-9]+[EVOC0]+ [EVC10- 93]+[EVSA0]+[EVSA2-6] Coding combination is possible. However, verbs that take this ________________as_an_obligatory_pattern_are_not_considered_likely.____________ 3-48 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-11 Nouns: Grammatical Attributes, Function and Position Information Grammatical Attributes _______________________________________________________________________________ __Attribute________Code_____________________Comment/Explanation________________ Countability ENC Countable ENU Uncountable ENUC Uncountable noun that can be instantiated Note: Only one code is assigned. Word form and right adjacency attribute are given based on countable usage for ENUC records. All other coding for ENUC nouns is based on noun when noun is uncountable. Collectivity ENG Collective noun (Ex. people) Note: Code is given only when applicable. Gender ENM Referent of noun is male (Ex. man) ENF Referent of noun is female (Ex. woman) ENNE Referent of noun is neutral (Ex. book, baby) ENCM Referent of noun can be either male or female (Ex. student, baby) Note: More than one code can be assigned when ap- plicable. Verb Agree- ENASG Always treated as singular in subject - verb ment agreement ENAPL Always treated as plural in subject - verb agree- ment ENAHM Treated either singular or plural in subject -verb agreement Note: For non-count nouns, only one code is given. Verb agreement coding is given to count nouns only when the noun in the singular form takes either a plural form verb or a singular form word. Co-occurrence ENARF Does not have restrictions on the article with Articles ENWAR Always takes an article ENWDEF Must be preceded by a definite article ENWINF Must be preceded by an indefinite article ENNODEF Never occurs with a definite article ENNOINF Never occurs with an indefinite article ENNOAR Never occurs with an article Note: One code only is given to each noun. A count noun that is not coded is interpreted as ENWAR and a non-count noun that is not coded is interpreted as ENNOINF Word Form ENRQSG Nouns occurs in the singular form only Restrictions ENRQPL Nouns occurs in the plural form only _____________________________Note:_Code_is_given_only_when_applicable._________ 3-49 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Sentence Pattern _________________________________________________________________________ _____Code___________________________Comment/Explanation__________________ ENCTOCL Modified by to-infinitive phrase ENCTHCL Modified by that clause (Ex. fact, belief) Note: Code is given only when applicable. ENCPP Takes a prepositional phrase Note: ENCPP must be assigned with a code from Table 3- 15. Possible prepositions are given on the same record whether they occur together at the same time or not when actually used in a sentence. ENITTH Noun is a complement, and occurs in the structure, 'it __________________is_NOUN_that'__________________________________________ Function and Position _________________________________________________________________________ _____Code___________________________Comment/Explanation__________________ ENPPREN Always precedes another noun ENPPOSTN Always occurs after another noun __________________Note:_Code_is_given_only_when_applicable.______________ 3-50 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-12 Adjectives: Grammatical Attributes, Function and Position Information Grammatical_Attributes__________________________________________________________ ____Code____________________________Comment/Explanation_________________________ EANOPOS Does not occur in the positive degree form EANOCMP Does not occur in the comparative degree form EANOSUP Does not occur in the superlative degree form _______________Note:_Code_is_given_only_when_applicable.________________________ Sentence_Pattern_Information____________________________________________________ ____Code____________________________Comment/Explanation_________________________ EAUITTH Occurs in the structure, 'It is ADJECTIVE that Note: Code is given only when applicable. EACTOCL Modified by to-infinitive phrase EACTHCL Modified by that-clause Note: Code is given only when applicable. EACPP Is followed by a prepositional phrase Note: Code is only given in combination with a specific preposition from Table 3-15. Only prepositions that may oc- cur at the same time are given. Prepositions that cannot occur at the same time (with the adjective) are given on _______________separate_records.________________________________________________ Function_and_Position___________________________________________________________ ____Code____________________________Comment/Explanation_________________________ EAUPR Occurs only in the predicate EAUPREN Occurs only in the attributive and always precedes the noun EAUPOSTN Occurs only in the predicate and always follows the noun _______________Note:_Code_is_given_only_when_applicable.________________________ 3-51 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-13 Determiner: Function and Position Information _________________________________________________________________________ ___Code__________________________Comment/Explanation_____________________ ETWINF May follow an indefinite article ETNODEF May not follow a definite article Note: Code is given only when applicable. ETMCSG May be followed by a countable singular noun ETMCPL May be followed by a countable plural noun ETMU May be followed by an uncountable noun Note: Code is given only when applicable. ETMINFN May be followed by a noun phrase beginning with an indefin- ite article ETMDEFN May be followed by a noun phrase begining with a definite article _____________Note:_Code_is_given_only_when_applicable.___________________ Table 3-14 Adverbs: Grammatical Attributes, Function and Position Information Grammatical Attributes _____________________________________________________________________________ _____Code____________________________Comment/Explanation_____________________ EDNOPOS Does not occur in the positive degree form EDNOCMP Does not occur in the comparative degree form EDNOSUP Does not occur in the superlative degree form _________________Note:_Code_is_given_only_when_applicable.___________________ Function and Position Information _____________________________________________________________________________ _____Code____________________________Comment/Explanation_____________________ EDPT Initial Position: Occurs before the subject EDPM Medial Position: Occurs before the main verb, or immediately after the be-verb. EDPE Post Position: Occurs after the object or complement. If no object or complement, after the verb. Note: All applicable codes are assigned. EDMV Modifies the verb EDMADJ Modifies an adjective EDMADV Modifies another adverb EDMPP Modifies a prepositional phrase EDMQU Modifies an indefinite pronoun/nominal classifier EDMN Modifies a noun or noun phrase EDMS Modifies a sentence _________________Note:_All_applicable_codes_are_assigned.____________________ 3-52 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-15 Specifiic Preposition Codes _______________________________________________________________________________ ________Code_____________Preposition_____________Code_____________Preposition__ +EABOUT about +ENEAR near +EABOVE above +ENEXT next +EACROSS across +EOF of +EAFTER after +EOFF off +EAGAINST against +EON on +EALONG along +EONTO onto +EAMONG among +EOUT out +EAROUND around +EOVER over +EAS as +EPAST past +EAT at +EPER per +EAWAY away +EROUND round +EBEFORE before +ESINCE since +EBEHIND behind +ETHAN than +EBELOW below +ETHROUGH through +EBESIDE beside +ETILL till +EBETWEEN between +ETO to +EBEYOND beyond +ETOWARD toward +EBY by +EUNDER under +EDOWN down +EUNTIL until +EDURING during +EUP up +EEXCEPT except +EUPON upon +EFOR for +EWHILE while +EFROM from +EWITH with +EIN in +EWITHIN within +EINTO into +EWITHOUT without +ELIKE like +EAS-TO as to +EOUT-OF out of +EDOWN-TO down to +EUP-TO________________up_to_____________+EIN-FRONT-OF__________in_front_of____ 3-53 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-16 Function Word Codes: Preposition Equivalents _______________________________________________________________________________ Code Preposition Code Preposition ______________________Equivalent_______________________________Equivalent______ ECONCERNING concerning EDUE-TO due to ECONSIDERING considering EOUT-OF out of EEXCEPTING excepting EBY-MEANS-OF by means of EEXCLUDING excluding EBY-WAY-OF by way of EFOLLOWING following EIN-FRONT-OF in front of EINCLUDING including EIN-RESPECT-TO in respect to EINVOLVING involving EIN-TERMS-OF in terms of EPENDING pending EIN-VIEW-OF in view of EREGARDING regarding EON-ACCOUNT-OF on account of ERESPECTING respecting EON-BEHALF-OF on behalf of EACCORDING-TO according to EON-TOP-OF on top of EALONG-WITH along with EWITH-REGARD-TO with regard to EAS-FOR as for EFOR-BENEFIT-OF for the benefit of EAS-REGARDS as regards EFOR-PURPOSE-OF for the purpose of EAS-TO as to EFOR-SAKE-OF for the sake of EBASED-ON based on EIN-COURSE-OF in the course of EBASED-UPON based upon EIN-MATTER-OF in the matter of EBECAUSE-OF because of EIN-MIDDLE-OF in the middle of ECONSISTING-OF consisting of EIN-WAY-OF in the way of EDOWN-TO down to EON-BASIS-OF on the basis of EPRIOR-TO_________prior_to_______________EUP-TO____________up_to_______________ Table 3-17 Function Word Codes: Be-Verb, Auxiliary Verbs, Auxiliary Verb Equivalents _______________________________________________________________________________ _____Code____________Function_Word____________Code____________Function_Word____ EABE be EASHOULD should EACAN can EAWILL will EACANNOT cannot EAWOULD would EACOULD could EABE-TO be to EADO do EAHAD-BETTER had better EADARE dare EAHAVE-TO have to EAHAVE have EAOUGHT-TO ought to EAMAY may EAUSED-TO used to EAMIGHT might EABE-ABLE-TO be able to EAMUST must EABE-ABOUT-TO be about to EANEED need EABE-GOING-TO be going to EASHALL___________shall________________________________________________________ 3-54 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-18 Function Word Codes: Coordinate Conjunctions, Corrdinate Conjunction Equivalents, Subordiate Conjunctions, Subordinate Conjunction Equivalents, and Conjunctive Adverbs _______________________________________________________________________________ _____Code____________Function_Word____________Code____________Function_Word____ ECAFTER after ECONLY only ECAGAINST against ECONCE once ECALSO also ECOTHERWISE otherwise ECAND and ECOR or ECASAS as ECPROVIDED provided ECBECAUSE because ECPROVIDING providing ECBEFORE before ECSINCE since ECBESIDE beside ECSO so ECBESIDES besides ECSUPPOSE suppose ECBOTH both ECSUPPOSING supposing ECBUT but ECTHAN than ECDIRECTLY directly ECTHAT that ECEITHER either ECTHEN then ECELSE else ECTHOUGH though, although ECEXCEPT except ECTILL till, until ECIF if ECUNLESS unless ECIMMEDIATELY immediately ECWHILE while ECINSTANTLY instantly ECYET yet ECLEST lest ECAS-IF as if ECLIKE like ECAS-THOUGH as though ECMOREOVER moreover ECEVEN-IF even if ECNAMELY namely ECEVEN-THOUGH even though ECNEITHER neither ECIN-ORDER-THAT in order that ECNOR nor ECSO-THAT so that ECNOW_____________now__________________________________________________________ 3-55 EDR **************************************************** ENGLISH WORD DICTIONARY Table 3-19 Function Words: Relative Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs, Interrogative Adverbs _______________________________________________________________________________ _____Code____________Function_Word____________Code____________Function_Word____ ERQHOW how ERQWHETHER whether ERQTHAT that ERQWHICH which ERQWEHNEVER whenever ERQWHICHEVER whichever ERQWHAT what ERQWHO who ERQWHATEVER whatever ERQWHOEVER whoever ERQWHEN when ERQWHOM whom ERQWHERE where ERQWHOSE whose ERQWHEREVER_______wherever_______________ERQWHY____________why_________________ Table 3-20 Other Function Words _______________________________________________________________________________ _____Code____________Function_Word____________Code____________Function_Word____ EFNEVER never EFTHAT that EFNOT not EFTO to (verb infinitive) EFMORE more EFNOT-TO not to EFMOST____________most_________________________________________________________ Table 3-21 Usage _________________________________________________________________________________ ___Usage__________Code________________Comment/Explanation_______________Example__ Abbreviation AB Shortened form of a word NASA Slang CN Inappropriate for speech in public or bastard, ____________________________published_documents________________________bitch_____ 3-56