EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY Chapter_4 The_Concept_Dictionary The purpose of the Concept Dictionary is to provide the concepts that are made reference to in the Japanese and English Word Dictionaries, the Japanese- English and English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionaries as well as in the Japanese and English Co-occurrence Dictionaries. The Concept Dictionary is composed of three separate dictionaries: the Headconcept Dictionary, the Concept Classification Dictionary and the Concept Description Dictionary. The Headconcept Dictionary gives a description of each concept in words and the Concept Classification Dictionary contains a classification of concepts that have a super-sub relation. The Concept Description Dictionary provides all other information regarding the relation between concepts. 4.1. The Headconcept Dictionary In the EDR Electronic Dictionary a 'concept' is provided in two forms: as the concept that corresponds to a word and in terms of the relation that exists between itself and another concept. Though concepts do not have a physical shape, they do have or rather occupy a point in the general sphere of concepts. The concept identifier is used to indicate the location of the coordinate occupied by the concept. When a concept is described by assigning a word to represent the concept, the concept assumes a physical shape or becomes more concrete. The word assigned to the concept is the headconcept. To further make the concept more concrete, it is explained by a concept explication. The concept explication gives the concept identifier and the headconcept a more concrete shape so that humans are able to imagine the concept. Because it helps humans distinguish one concept from another, it is indispensable in the making, editing and use of an electronic dictionaries. The Headconcept Dictionary describes each concept with the most basic information necessary in order to distinguish one concept from another concept. The Headconcept Dictionary is a collection of headconcept records. The record of the Headconcept Dictionary is composed of the record number, the concept identifier, the headconcept, the concept explication, and management information. The structure and content of each field of the Headconcept Dictionary record is given below. ====================Structure of Concept Classification Records================= :Record type and identifier number ("CPHnnnnnnn") :Hexadecimal number that uniquely identifies concept (Section 4.1.1) :Word whose meaning most closely expresses the meaning of the concept (Section 4.1.2) :English word :Japanese word :Explanation which expresses the meaning of the concept (Section 4.1.3) :Explanation in English 4-1 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY :Explanation in Japanese :Management information such as date of creation or record update :Management information such as date of record creation or update (Contains character string notation - attribute or attribute value pair) ================================================================================ ========================Example of Headconcept Records========================== CPH0314159 3d0ecb borrow 借りる[カリ・ル] to use a person's property after promising to ... 返す約束で,他人のものを使う Date of record update "93/04/26" ================================================================================ 4.1.1. Concept Identifier The concepts of the EDR Electronic Dictionary are uniquely identified and are the same in each of the dictionaries that compose the EDR Electronic Dictionary. The concept identifier is indicated by a hexadecimal number and is the method of identifying the concept. Reference made to concepts in each word sense of the Japanese and English Word Dictionaries, the Bilingual Dictionaries and the Technical Terms Dictionary is provided as the concept identifier. Likewise, the concept identifier is provided at each of the deep-level co- occurrence relation representations in the Co-occurrence Dictionaries and at each of the concept relation representations in the Japanese Corpus and the English Corpus. In the EDR Electronic Dictionary, concepts are not defined as they are in paper-based reference sources. Rather, they are defined relative to their relation to or with other concepts. 4.1.2. Headconcept The EDR Electronic Dictionary does not take the position of defining concepts in terms of natural or formal languages, nor does it reduce a concept by combining it with other basic concepts. Rather, a concept is described by indicating the relative relation it has with another concept (or concepts). Providing concepts in this manner however, is problematic (in the sense that it is difficult to understand what is being referred to) to those creating, editing and using the dictionary. In order to avoid such difficulty and thus further help humans understand what is represented by the relation representation and concept identifier, the headconcept is also supplied. The word selected as the headconcept is a word whose meaning is close to the content meaning of the concept. Each of the English and Japanese headconcepts are provided in order to fulfill this purpose. The headconcept is either an English word, a Japanese 4-2 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY word or both. Because a headconcept may be assigned to more than one concept identifier, a one-to-one corresponds between the concept identifier and the headconcept is not necessarily guaranteed. 4.1.3. Concept Explication For the same reason mentioned in the previous section, that is, to further help humans easily understand the concept, the meaning content of each of the concepts is explained by phrases referred to as 'concept explications'. Concept explications are given in both English and Japanese. These are referred to as the English concept explication and the Japanese concept explication. 4.1.4. Management Information The management information of the Headconcept Dictionary contains the management history record. The management history record provides information such as date of creation or record update. 4.2. Concept Classification Dictionary The Concept Classification Dictionary contains the classification of concepts that have a super-sub relation. According to the classification of concepts used in a thesaurus and other reference sources, concepts are classified according to a tree structure. (In the EDR Concept Classification Dictionary, multiple inheritance is allowed thus making it possible for one concept to have more than two super-concepts. In such a case, the classification is not actually a 'tree structure'. However, in this manual the term 'tree structure' is also used.) In the Concept Classification Dictionary, the pair of concepts that have an immediate super and sub-concept relation are registered in one record. The concept classification is expressed by listing all the super-sub concept pairs. When all the possible "branches" that make up the tree structure are listed, the concept classification is fully expressed. The Concept Classification Dictionary is a collection of concept classification records. The concept classification record is composed of the record number, the concept identifier of the super-concept, the concept identifier of the sub-concept, and management information. The structure and content of each field of the Concept Classification Dictionary record is given below. ==================Structure of Concept Classification Records=================== :Record type and Identifier number ("CPCnnnnnnn") :The hexadecimal concept identifier of the super-concept (Section 4.1.1) :The hexadecimal concept identifier of the sub-concept (Section 4.1.1) :Management information such as date of creation or record update ================================================================================ 4-3 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY ======================Example Concept Classification Records==================== CPC0271828 4445bc [Concept identifier that indicates 'something written'] 4445a0 [Concept identifier that indicates 'piece of correspondence'] Date of record update "92/03/05" ================================================================================ 4.2.1. Super-concept and Sub-concept To illustrate the super-sub relation that exists between two concepts, a portion of a concept classification is given below. The diagram below shows the sub-concept classification for the concept 4445e8 'something on which information is recorded or written down'. There are a number of sub-concepts to this concept, three of which are: 4445bc 'something written', 4445ca 'something expressed in the form of a picture or illustration' and 'XXX@@@@ 'a concrete object transmitted by electronic media'. Sub-concept 4445bc is further classified into a number of sub-concepts. The four in the classification are: 4445a0 'piece of correspondence', 4445bf 'notebook or record keeping book', 4445c2 'documents', and 3f9669 'books'. ... | something on which information is recorded or written down 4445e8 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------... | | | something written something expressed in a concrete object | the form of a picture transmitted by | or illustration electronic media 4445bc 4445c4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------... | | | | piece of notebook or record documents books correspondence for book keeping 4445a0 4445c2 3f9669 4445bf In general, a two layer structure made of class (or type) and instance is often used to express such a structure. The Concept Classification Dictionary expresses the inclusive relation between classes. Generally speaking, this is because the words in the dictionary (excluding proper nouns) are considered to represent classes. However, a concept selected as the intermediate concept which does not directly represent the word sense can also be considered a class. There are approximately 6,000 intermediate concept provided in the Concept Classification Dictionary. 4-4 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY 4.2.2. Principal Concept Classifications [1] Super-Concepts for the Concept Classification of Basic Words The following shows the first and second level headings for the concept classification of basic words. The five categories on the first level are indicated below as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Each of the sub-classifications for the super-concept is listed under each super-concept. 1 3aa911 human or subject whose behavior (actions) resembles that of a human 1-1 30f6b0 human/person 1-2 30f6bf animal 1-3 3aa912 independent body/group 1-4 4444b6 supernatural being 2 3d017c {matter} an affair 2-1 444d86 thing (concrete object) 2-2 444ab5 a matter 2-3 444daa name that discriminates one thing from another 2-4 0e7faa an objective subject 3 30f7e4 event/occurrence 3-1 30f7e5 phenomenon 3-2 30f83e action/deed 3-3 30f801 movement 3-4 3f9856 change in state/change in condition 3-5 3aa963 condition/state 4 30f751 location/locale/place 4-1 3aa938 physical location/actual location/actual space 4-2 30f753 position that is defined through the relation of several things or objects 4-3 30f767 area/territory/domain 4-4 3f9651 part of something 4-5 3f9658 direction 4-6 444a9d abstract location 5 30f776 time 5-1 3f9882 point in time 5-2 444dd2 a period of time that occurs periodically or at intervals 5-3 444dd3 a period of time (either from the past to the present or extending into the future) with a specified beginning and ending point 5-4 30f77b time/duration of time 5-5 444dd4 a time measurement/time that is indicated in units 5-6 4449e2 a period 5-7 30f7d6 elapse of time (time considered from a historical point of view) Note: the root of the preceding concept classifications for basic words is 3aa966 'concept'. The aforementioned sub-concepts are all located below concept 4-5 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY 3aa966. The following shows the second and third level classifications for the concept classification of basic words. 1-1 30f6b0 human/person 1-1-1 444df2 a person defined/specified/labeled by his/her role, occupation, title, position 1-1-2 44474a a person defined/specified/labeled by his/her actions 1-1-3 44483c a person defined/specified/labeled by his/her reputation, or condition 1-1-4 3aa919 a person defined/specified/labeled by his/her mental state/condition 1-1-5 3f961d a person defined/specified/labeled by his/her personal characteristics or personality 1-1-6 444752 people defined/specified by quantity or as a group 1-1-7 3aae71 a person defined/specified/labeled by his/her relation to a particular standard 1-1-8 444846 name or naming that indicates/refers to a human 1-1-9 3f961c a person's name 1-1-10 3f960d human race 1-2 30f6bf animal 1-2-1 30f6c1 animal defined/perceived as a species 1-2-2 3aa91a animal defined/perceived by its role 1-2-3 444858 animal defined by its habitat/location 1-2-4 444737 animal defined by what it eats 1-2-5 444509 imaginary animal 1-2-6 444593 animals that once inhabited the earth such as dinosaurs 1-3 3aa912 independent body/group 1-3-1 30f746 organization 1-3-2 3cfacc a collection/group of people 1-3-3 3f960d human race 1-3-4 444614 meeting/conference 1-3-5 3aa930 object/thing that moves independently 1-4 4444b6 supernatural being 1-4-1 444530 a conscious object such as a god 1-4-2 445ea an imaginary human/creature (other than a religious figure) that exists in mythology, legend, or superstition 1-4-3 444531 an imaginary figure (human) that is worshiped in Buddhism or other related religion 1-4-4 444532 an imaginary figure (human) perceived by humans as a positive being such as an angel 1-4-5 444533 an imaginary figure (human) perceived by humans as a negative being such as a devil 1-4-6 444534 an imaginary figure (human) such as a man from space or a man made of snow 1-4-7 444509 an imaginary figure (animal) 1-4-8 444535 the spirit (one's spirit) that leaves the body after death 1-4-9 4445b9 a spirit that is perceived as living in humans, animals, 4-6 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY things, etc. 2-1 444d86 thing (concrete object) 2-1-1 30f6ae concrete object 2-1-2 4444e1 something that is created by natural occurrences 2-1-3 444e40 an abstract object 2-1-4 444e3f concrete or abstract existence 2-1-5 0e5c6d everything (whether tangible or not) that exists in this world 2-2 444ab5 a matter 2-2-1 30f800 a matter/affair or something that happens 2-2-2 444554 a movement or action which attempts to change the political or social condition 2-2-3 444549 performance 2-2-4 444daf matter that is defined by an evaluation 2-2-5 444d85 sports or form of play 2-2-6 444718 politics 2-2-7 10dd19 economy 2-2-8 10ba75 all (matters) concerning military affairs 2-2-9 0f837b matters related to members (the personnel) of an organization 2-3 444daa name that discriminates one thing from another 2-4 0e7faa an objective subject 3-1 30f7e5 phenomenon 3-1-1 30f7e6 natural phenomenon (occurrences) 3-1-2 30f7ea phenomenon concerning still or stationary things 3-1-3 30f7f4 biological phenomenon 3-1-4 30f7ff social phenomenon 3-1-5 3aa947 phenomenon related to human beings/persons 3-2 30f83e action/act 3-2-1 444d96 voluntary action/acts 3-2-2 444dd8 subjective action/act 3-2-3 30f83f physical action/act 3-2-4 30f863 emotional action/movement 3-3 30f801 movement 3-3-1 30f802 movement in space 3-3-2 30f826 transfer of one's right of possession 3-3-3 30f832 transfer of information 3-4 3f9856 change in state/change in condition 3-5 3aa963 condition/state 3-5-1 3f9871 characteristics and disposition 3-5-2 30f7c8 evaluation or reputation of a matter 3-5-3 30f9a4 relation 3-5-4 3f98f6 state of being 4-1 3aa938 physical location/actual location/actual space 4-7 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY 4-1-1 30f749 place (physical) defined by its function 4-1-2 4449d9 place (physical) defined by its shape 4-1-3 444a86 place (physical) defined by its reputation or by an evaluation 4-1-4 30f75c place (physical) defined by its condition or a condition 4-1-5 3d002b the space in which a thing stands or exists 4-1-6 444aa1 abstract space 4-1-7 3f965a area/district 4-1-8 4449cf imaginary line or area on a celestial sphere or heavenly body 4-1-9 30f742 heavenly body 4-1-10 0ff656 the sky 4-1-11 3aa932 a building or structure 4-1-12 3f9635 regional facility (facilities) 4-2 30f753 location/place that is defined through the relation of several things or objects 4-2-1 3f9655 location/place that is defined through stationary objects that is considered standard 4-2-2 30f754 border or bound of something 4-2-3 3f9652 interval 4-2-4 30f752 location that has been specified or determined 4-3 30f767 area/territory/domain 4-3-1 1e85eb a determined expanse or range 4-3-2 444aa0 abstract area or domain 4-3-3 30f773 space 4-3-4 444b2a the area where a sports event takes place 4-4 3f9651 part of something 4-4-1 444d63 location/locale of individual parts 4-4-2 444aa5 part (abstract) of something 4-4-3 444b1e pieces/parts of something divided according to number 4-4-4 444b21 the parts or surface of a specified thing 4-5 3f9658 direction 4-5-1 3f9656 the direction of a movement/action 4-5-2 30f75b a direction on a compass (North, South, East, West) 4-6 444a9d abstract location 5-1 3f9882 point in time 5-1-1 4449df period or time 5-1-2 30f77a era 5-1-3 4449e4 year 5-1-4 444d6b a period of time in a year 5-1-5 444d68 a period of time in a day 5-1-6 3ceb7d a/the time that is the best time for doing something 5-1-7 30f778 a time limit 5-1-8 444d67 an instant in time 5-1-9 444da3 the time before and after a set point in time 5-1-10 3f988b a position of time relative to a period of time 4-8 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY 5-2 444dd2 a period of time that occurs periodically or at intervals 5-3 444dd3 a period of time (either from the past to the present or extending into the future) with a specified beginning and ending point 5-4 30f77b time/duration of time 5-5 444dd4 a time measurement/time that is indicated in units 5-6 4449e2 a period 5-7 30f7d6 elapse of time (time considered from a historical point of view) [2] Concept Classification for Basic Words Given in Descending Order The following format is used when the concepts of the concept classification are shown in descending order. The examples following the structure block are given in this format. ================================================================================ ::=
。。。
::= === {} === ::= 。。。+- | *1, *2 。。。 &-0Blank Line> | *1, *3 。。。 *-0Blank Line> *1, *4 ::= 。。。[& 。。。] 。。。 *5 Note: *1. The number of slots is proportional to the distance from the root node of the classification. For super-concepts with multiple inheritance, the distance from the root node is proportional to the distance of the longest path. (The number of slots for the same super-concept is always the same.) *2. Regular super-concept (no multiple inheritance). *3. Super-concept that has multiple inheritance. *4. Concept provided as example concept. *5. '&' indicates there is a super-concept with multiple inheritance. The '&-' indicates the super-concept with multiple inheritance. The position of the '&' corresponds in position to &-'. ================================================================================ === ｛先生［センセイ］｝自分が師事している人 0fa191 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 状態 3aa963 +- 性状・性向 3f9871 +- 事物の属性 444db1 4-9 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY +- 人間の属性 3aa961 +- 人の社会的属性 3f98cb +- 人間関係の値 30f980 &- 対人関係で捉えた人間 30f6b8 & +- 人間または人間と似た振る舞いをする主体 3aa911 &- 人間 30f6b0 & & +- ものごと 3d017c +- もの 444d86 +- 具体物 30f6ae +- 生命体 30f6af &- 人間 30f6b0 +- ある個体を基準とした関係で捉えた人間 3aae71 &- 対人関係で捉えた人間 30f6b8 *- ｛先生［センセイ］｝自分が師事している人 0fa191 === ｛教師［キョウシ］｝教師という職業の人 0fa193 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 人間または人間と似た振る舞いをする主体 3aa911 +- 職業，肩書，役割で限定した人間 444df2 +- 役割で捉えた人間 3aa918 +- 職業で捉えた人間 30f6b6 +- 教師である人 444824 *- ｛教師［キョウシ］｝教師という職業の人 0fa193 === ｛海［ウミ］｝地球の表面にある陸地以外の塩水をたたえている場所 0e605e === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 位置 30f751 +- 場所 3aa938 +- 状態で捉えた場所 30f75c +- 水をたたえた場所 3f9625 &- 水をたたえた地形 44489f & +- 地域 3f965a +- 地形でみた場所 30f76d &- 水をたたえた地形 44489f +- 海 10ef10 *- ｛海［ウミ］｝地球の表面にある陸地以外の塩水をたたえている場 所 0e605e === ｛海［ウミ］｝液体が多量にある所 3c1c40 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 位置 30f751 +- 場所 3aa938 +- 状態で捉えた場所 30f75c *- ｛海［ウミ］｝液体が多量にある所 3c1c40 === ｛鍋［ナベ］｝鍋という器 101bdf === +- 概念 3aa966 +- ものごと 3d017c +- もの 444d86 +- 具体物 30f6ae +- 静物 4444c4 4-10 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY +- 機能で捉えた具体物 3aa92f &- 器具 30f6f0 & &- 器具 30f6f0 +- 入れ物 30f6f8 +- 機能で捉えた入れ物 4446df +- 火にかけて加熱料理するための容器 4446ec *- ｛鍋［ナベ］｝鍋という器 101bdf === ｛鍋物［ナベモノ］｝鍋で煮ながら食べる料理 3be3c2 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- ものごと 3d017c +- もの 444d86 +- 具体物 30f6ae +- 静物 4444c4 +- 機能で捉えた具体物 3aa92f +- 飲食物 3f9639 +- 食べもの 444579 +- 料理名 444585 +- 加工方法で見た料理名 444586 *- ｛鍋物［ナベモノ］｝鍋で煮ながら食べる料理 3be3c2 === ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝ある物を鞭や棒で打つ 0e5e35 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- 対物活動 30f87e +- 物に力を加える行為 444caf &- 物を打つ 444b26 & +- 身体的活動 30f83f +- 体の動作を行う 44485b +- 手の動き 44485c &- 物を打つ 444b26 *- ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝ある物を鞭や棒で打つ 0e5e35 === ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝打って鳴らす 0e5e3c === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- 対物活動 30f87e +- 物に力を加える行為 444caf &- 物を打つ 444b26 & +- 身体的活動 30f83f +- 体の動作を行う 44485b +- 手の動き 44485c &- 物を打つ 444b26 +- たたいて鳴らすこと 3c5bd4 *- ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝打って鳴らす 0e5e3c === ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝表示する 0e5e3d === 4-11 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 移動 30f801 +- 情報の移動 30f832 +- 情報の発信 3f96e6 +- 示す 444b3c *- ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝表示する 0e5e3d === ｛製麺する［セイメン・スル］｝麺類を作る 0e5e41 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- ものを対象とする行為 444dd9 +- 創造する 30f89e +- 具体物を作る 30f89d +- 加工する 3c1971 +- 原料を加工して製品を作る 0f9516 *- ｛製麺する［セイメン・スル］｝麺類を作る 0e5e41 === ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝（キーを）たたく 0e5e43 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- 対物活動 30f87e +- 作動操作 30f899 +- （機械を）正しく作動させる 0f92c0 *- ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝（キーを）たたく 0e5e43 === ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝電報を発信する 0e5e45 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 移動 30f801 +- 情報の移動 30f832 +- 情報の発信 3f96e6 *- ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝電報を発信する 0e5e45 === ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝紙の裏に別の紙をはりつける 0e5e49 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- 対物活動 30f87e +- 覆う 30f854 +- 物を張り付ける 3cf587 *- ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝紙の裏に別の紙をはりつける 0e5e49 === ｛ぶつ［ブ・ツ］｝（演説などを）語る 107950 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 移動 30f801 +- 情報の移動 30f832 +- 情報の発信 3f96e6 4-12 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY &- 情報の移動を伴う対人行為 444c01 & +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- 対人行為 30f8dd &- 情報の移動を伴う対人行為 444c01 +- 伝える 30f835 +- 相手に発話で伝える 3aa952 +- 述べる 444b0e *- ｛ぶつ［ブ・ツ］｝（演説などを）語る 107950 === ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝勝負事をする 1fb01f === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- 対人行為 30f8dd +- 人どうしの相互行為 30f8d7 +- 心身が互いに離れる相互行為 444db7 +- 争う 30f8da +- 競う 444ba5 +- ある目的のために競い合うこと 3cf0ab *- ｛打つ［ウ・ツ］｝勝負事をする 1fb01f === ｛撲つ［ブ・ツ］｝物や人を殴打する 3ceab6 === +- 概念 3aa966 +- 事象 30f7e4 +- 行為 30f83e +- 対象行為 444dd8 +- 対物活動 30f87e +- 物に力を加える行為 444caf &- 物を打つ 444b26 & +- 対人行為 30f8dd +- 害を与えること 3f97d6 &- 暴力をふるう 444bd8 & +- 身体的活動 30f83f +- 体の動作を行う 44485b +- 手の動き 44485c &- 物を打つ 444b26 &- 殴る 3ceeb3 & & &- 暴力をふるう 444bd8 &- 殴る 3ceeb3 +- （人を）なぐる 0fde35 *- ｛撲つ［ブ・ツ］｝物や人を殴打する 3ceab6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.2.3. Management Information The management information of the Concept Classification Dictionary contains the management history record. The management history record provides 4-13 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY information such as date of creation or record update. 4.3. The Concept Description Dictionary Relations other than the super-sub relation that exist between two concepts are described in the Concept Description Dictionary. Generally speaking, there are a number of such relations. However, in the Concept Description Dictionary, eight types of concept relations are described. The eight types described are the case relations in which a verbal concept governs a nominal concept. The Concept Description Dictionary is a collection of concept description records. The concept description record is composed of the record number, description information, and management information. The structure and content of each field of the Concept Description Dictionary record is given below. =====================Structure of Concept Description Records=================== :Record type and identifier number ("CPTnnnnnnn") :Distinction between 'E description' and 'I description' (Section 4.3.2) :Cluster composed of To-concept, relation label, and From-concept (Section 4.3.1) :Concept identifier of From-concept (CF) :Relation label (R) indicating relation that exists between two concepts :Concept identifier of To-concept (Ct) :Value (either '1' or '0') indicating certainty value (P) where P=1 is true, and P=0 is false :Management information such as date of creation or record update ================================================================================ =====================Example Concept Description Records (1)==================== CPT0577216 E 3d0ecb [Concept identifier that indicates 'borrow'] object 0e5097 [Concept identifier that indicates 'book'] 1 Date of record update "92/05/10" 4-14 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY ================================================================================ =====================Example Concept Description Records (2)==================== CPT0123456 I 30f826 [Concept identifier that indicates transferring/changing possession/ownership of something] object 30f6ae [Concept identifier that indicates a stationary object] 1 Date of record update "92/05/10" ================================================================================ 4.3.1. Description of Concept Relation with Relation Labels Adding to the information provided in the Concept Classification Dictionary, the relation between one concept and another is also described in order to further define the meaning of a concept. An example of such a relation is that of the case relation which exists between a nominal concept and a verbal concept that governs it. By registering such relations in the dictionary it is possible to describe the detailed meaning content of a concept. Table 4-1 shows the concept relation labels used in the Concept Description Dictionary. For example purposes, the following eight relation labels have been selected to illustrate how concept pairs can be listed by indicating the relation that exists between two concepts. object agent a-object place goal scene implement cause It is possible to express two concept relation representations that correspond to the sentence, 'People read books.', with the following notation: -- agent --> --object --> Between the concepts 'read' and 'people' there is an agent relation and between the concepts 'read' and 'book' there is an object relation. The concept description record would show the concept identifiers for each of the concepts, 4-15 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY and the relation label. These types of relations are described in the Concept Description Dictionary. For information regarding the concept relation representation used for the formal representation of the meanings of sentences in the EDR Electronic Dictionary, refer to Chapter 9 section 9.4.2. 4.3.2. Description 'E' and Description 'I' There are two different types of concept relations described in the Concept Description Dictionary. The first type of relation, Description 'E', is exemplified by the example given in the last section. That is, a concept relation description that has been based on an actual examples, such as 'People read books.' The second type of relation, Description 'I', is an inferentially based relation in which the relation between the intermediate concepts of specified concepts (which may or may not correspond exactly to the meaning of a word) is described. For example, for the above sentence the super-concepts of the concept for 'book' and the super-concepts of the concept 'read' are described. Examples of this latter type of relation are given below: Example --object --> --object --> From the sentence 'People read books.' as the starting point, it is possible to obtain descriptions retroactively from the super-concepts of a concept classification. It is not possible to describe all the concept relations between concepts and all the possible combinations of concepts that correspond to a word sense. Thus, for efficiency purposes the use of intermediate concepts is necessary. In the Concept Description Dictionary, the concept description of the relation between the concepts corresponding to word senses is 'Description E'. The concept description of the relation between the intermediate concepts of super- concepts on the other hand is 'Description I'. Whether a concept description is Description E or Description I is noted in the description category of the concept description record. 4.3.3. Management Information The management information of the Concept Description Dictionary contains the management history record. The management history record provides information such as date of creation or record update. 4.a Tables 4-1 Relation Labels for the Representation of Facts or Occurrences 4-16 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY Table 4-1 Relation Labels for the Representation of Facts or Occurrences Relation Label ________________________________________________________________________________ agent That which acts on its own volition and is the subject that brings about an action Ex. The father eats. [ [main 3:eat:3bc6f0] [agent 1:father:0e7c00]] object That which is affected by an action or change Ex. (He/She) eats an apple. [ [main 3:eat:3bc6f0] [object 1:apple:3bd8db]] a-object That which has a particular attribute Ex. A tomato is red. [ [main 3:red:0e29cb] [a-object 1:tomato:3bc118]] cause Reason or cause Ex. (He) was killed in the accident. [ [main 3:kill:0fd5c8] [implement 1:accident:1f1dd0]] implement That which is used in a voluntary action such as tools or other implements Ex. (I) cut with a knife. [ [main 3:cut:0ecff7] [implement 1:knife:3c4e7d]] material That which is used to make up something Ex. (He/she) makes butter from milk. [ [main 5:make:0fe812] [object 3:butter:3be1c7] [material 1:milk:3c03b7]] source Location from which an event or occurrence begins Ex. (I) come from Kyoto. [ [main 3:come:3d144c] [source 1:Kyoto:0ecb69]] goal Location from which an event or occurrence ends Ex. (I) go to Tokyo. [ [main 3:go:1e84a2] [goal 1:Tokyo:0ffee1]] place Place (physical location) at which something occurs Ex. (I) play in the room. [ [main 3:play:3cf67f] [place 1:room:1080e6]] scene Place (abstract location) at which something occurs Ex. (I) act in a drama. [ [main 3:act:3cf94e] [scene 1:drama:1013ed]] 4-17 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY basis That which is used as the standard of comparison Ex. Roses are more beautiful than tulips. [ [main @1::c#more] [object [ [main 5:beautiful:1e84c3] [a-object 1:rose:0f6013]]] [basis [ [main @2:beautiful:1e84c3] [a-object 3:tulip:3c2801]]] manner Way in which an action or change occurrs Ex. (I) speak slowly. [ [main 2:speak:3ce6b9] [manner 1:slowly:0f81ac]] Ex. (I) watch for 3 hours. [ [main 3:watch:1e8643] [manner [ [main 2:hour:0f6fe4] [number 1:3:"＝Ｎ ３"]]]] time Time at which something occurrs Ex. (I) wake up at 8 o'clock. [ [main 4:wake up:3cfbdf] [time [ [main 2:o'clock:0f6f06] [modifier 1:8:"＝Ｎ ８"]]]] time-from Time at which something begins Ex. (I) work from 9 o'clock. [ [main 4:work:0e2799] [time-from [ [main 2:o'clock:0f6f06] [modifier 1:9:"＝Ｎ ９"]]]] time-to Time at which something ends Ex. (I) work until 9 o'clock. [ [main 4:work:0e2799] [time-to [ [main 2:o'clock:0f6f06] [modifier 1:9:"＝Ｎ ９"]]]] quantity Amount (quantity) of a thing, action, or change Ex. (There are) 3 kgs of apples. [ [main 4:apple:3bd8db] [quantity [ [main 2:kg:3c0285] [number 1:2:"＝Ｎ ３"]]]] Ex. (I) lost 3 kgs. [ [main 3:lose:3c049e] [quantity [ [main 2:kg:3c0285] [number 1:3:"＝Ｎ ３"]]]] modifier Modification Ex. the book on the desk [ [main 5:book:0e5097] [modifier [ [main 3:on:0e5797] 4-18 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY [modifier 1:desk:3d05cf]]]] number Number Ex. 3 kgs [ [main 2:kg:3c0285] [number 1:3:"＝Ｎ 3"]] and Coordination between concepts Ex. (I) go to Rome and Naples. [ [main 5:go:1e84a2] [goal [ [main 3:Naples:1efc5a] [and 1:Rome:10e979] [attribute focus]]]] Ex. The mountains are beautiful and the water is clear. [ [main [ [main 8:clear:0f8f10] [a-object 6:water:3bd634]]] [and [ [main 3:beautiful:1e84c3] [a-object 1:mountain:3ce994]]]] or Selection between concepts Ex. (I will) go to Rome or Naples. [ [main 5:go:1e84a2] [goal [ [main 3:Naples:1efc5a] [or 1:Rome:10e979] [attribute focus]]]] Ex. (I will) go to school or go to the library. [ [main [ [main 8:go:0f8f10] [goal 6:library:100648]]] [or [ [main 3:go:0f8f10] [goal 1:school:3cf8b1]]]] condition Condition of an occurrence or fact Ex. (I) It rained so (I) went home. [ [main [ [main 9:went:0e8e45] [goal 7:home:0e5cdb]]] [condition 1:rain:3bba1f]] purpose Purpose or reason for an action or occurrence Ex. (I) go to see a movie. [ [main 5:go:1e84a2] [purpose [ [main 3:see:1e8646] [object 1:movie:3be65c]]]] cooccurrence Simultaneous occurrence of events or actions Ex. (I) cried while I was going home. [ [main 7:cry:0f4cf1] [cooccurrence [ [main 3:go:0e8e45] [goal 1:home:0e5cdb]]]] sequence 4-19 EDR ********************************************************* CONCEPT DICTIONARY Sequential occurrence of events or actions Ex. (I) went to the library and borrowed a book. [ [main 8:borrow:0e97a9] [object 6:book:0e5097] [sequence [ [main 3:go:0f8f10] [goal 1:library:100648]]]] ________________________________________________________________________________ Pseudorelation Labels ________________________________________________________________________________ possessor Possession or ownership Ex. (my) father's book [ [main 3:book:0e5097] [possessor 1:father:0e7c00]] beneficiary Beneficiary (receiver) of an action or occurrence Ex. (I) buy a book for my father. [ [main 3:buy:1e84f1] [beneficiary 1:father:0e7c00]] unit Unit Ex. (This costs) 500 yen per dozen. [ [main 5:yen:0e6912] [number 4:500:"＝Ｎ 500"] [unit [ [main 2:dozen:3bf083] [number 1:1:"＝Ｎ 1"]]]] from-to Range of items specified Ex. the cities from Osaka to Tokyo [ [main 6:cities:3cfc38] [modifier [ [main 3:Tokyo:0ffee3] [from-to 1:Osaka:0e7107]]]] ________________________________________________________________________________ 4-20