EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Chapter_5 The_Japanese-English_Bilingual_Dictionary The Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary is composed of the records arranged alphabetically according to the Japanese syllabary. Records of the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary are composed of the record number, headword information, grammatical information, semantic information, English correspondence information and management information. The main role of the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary is to describe the correspondence between the Japanese word and the concept represented by the word and to provide the English correspondence word when used with the given meaning. ============Structure of Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary Records========== :Record type and identifier number :(Section 5.1) :Notation and reading of headword with its conjugational ending (Section 5.1) :(Section 5.2) :Part of speech (Section 5.2 and Table 5-1) :(Section 5.3) :Number that uniquely identifies the concept (Section 5.3.1.) :Headword that represents concept. (Provided for content words only. Section 5.3.2) :Japanese headword that represents concept :English headword that represents concept :Written explanation of concept (Provided for content words only. Section 5.3.2.) :Concept explication in Japanese :Concept explication in English :(Section 5.4) 。。。 :Correspondence word and grammatical information :Type of correspondence word (Section 5.4.2) :Notation of correspondence word (Section 5.4.3) :Part of speech of correspondence word (Section 5.4.4) :(Section 5.5) :Management information such as date of creation or record update 5-1 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY ================================================================================ =========Example of Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary Records (Noun)======== JEB0185228 弁天 ベンテン Common Noun 1084e3 弁天[ベンテン] 禅寺の住職の妻 wife of the chief priest of a Zen Buddhist temple 0 wife of chief zen-priest Noun and Noun Phrase, Nominal Clause DATE="95/2/15" ================================================================================ =========Example of Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary Records (Verb)======== JEB0368581 さえずる サエズ・ル Verb 3bbd74 さえずる[サエズ・ル] 舞楽において朗詠する in Japanese court dance and music, to recite 5-2 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY 0 recite Verb and Verb Phrase DATE="95/2/15" ================================================================================ =========Example of Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary Records (Noun)======== JEB0393608 狂言 キョウゲン Common Noun 3c0380 狂言[キョウゲン] kyogen 能楽の合い間に演ずる喜劇 a comedy which is played during the intermission of a Japanese Noh play 1 comic interlude Noun and Noun Phrase, Nominal Phrase 1 Noh comedy Noun and Noun Phrase, Nominal Phrase 4 farce presented between Noh plays Noun and Noun Phrase, Nominal Phrase 3 5-3 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY kyo-gen Noun and Noun Phrase, Nominal Phrase DATE="95/2/15" ================================================================================ 5.1. Headword Information The headword information is the Japanese headword itself. Information such as the invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes, the Kana notation and the pronunciation which are part of the headword information of the Japanese Word Dictionary are not included. The headwords registered in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary include words typically used in daily life, technical terms and proper nouns that have become commonly used, abbreviations, etc. The headword is composed of the headword in both Kanji notation and Kana notation. The headword is given in Kanji characters and Katakana is used for the Kana notation. If the headword is a word that undergoes inflection, a '.' is given between the portion of the word that does not change during inflection and the suffix ending. The Kana notation is enclosed in square brackets ([ ]). Headwords, which resemble headword entries in paper-based dictionaries, are provided in order to facilitate the distinction between one word and another. The number of words in the dictionary is defined in terms of the number of differing headwords it contains. Example of Headword Notation ____________________________ 夕飯[ユウハン] ______食べる[タベ・ル]______ 5.2. Grammatical Information The grammatical information is composed of the part of speech of the headword only. Other information such as the syntactic tree, conjugation information, surface case and aspect information, and function word information which are part of the grammatical information of the Japanese Word Dictionary are not included. The parts of speech used in the Japanese-English Word Dictionary are shown in table 5-1. 5.3. Semantic Information The semantic information is composed of the concept identifier, the headconcept, and the concept explication. The concept identifier, headconcept and concept explication provide the basic information for the concepts in the Concept Dictionary. 5-4 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Upon hearing or seeing a word, a person can conjure up a number of images associated with that word. Some images are objective and stable and are not influenced by a particular situation. Such images are referred to as 'concepts'. Concepts provide the information necessary to discriminate between the various meanings of the words contained in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary. The concepts are similar to the word senses noted in paper-based dictionaries but differ in the sense that they are not language dependent. 5.3.1. Concept Identifier The concept identifier is a numerical representation of the concept and maintains the identity (uniqueness) of the concept. Concept identifiers are given to all words in the dictionary and provide the link between the Japanese- English Bilingual Dictionary and the Concept Dictionary. 5.3.2. Headconcept and Concept Explication In addition to the concept identifier, content words are also supplied with a headconcept and a concept explication. Content words are words that have independent and concrete concepts. Content words in Japanese are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns, adverbs, adnouns, and phrasals. Headconcepts are described in both English and Japanese by a headword that best represents the concept. For Japanese-specific concepts where a suitable representative English headword does not exist however, an English headconcept is not provided. The concept explication is a written explanation of the concept, and is provided in order to help people distinguish the various concepts of a word. Example of Semantic Information ___________________________________________________________________________ Headword Japanese English Japanese Con- English Concept Ex- Headcon- Headcon- cept Explica- plication ___________cept_________cept_________tion__________________________________ 犬[イヌ] 犬[イヌ] dog 犬という動物 an animal called dog 犬[イヌ] スパイ [ス spy スパイという役 a person who spys ___________パイ]_____________________割の人________________________________ For detailed information regarding concepts, refer to Chapter 4 Concept Dictionary. 5.4. Correspondence Word Information A correspondence word is generally defined as the word (or group of words) of the target language that corresponds to the headword of the source language. However, in order to provide accurate and precise bilingual (correspondence information) it is first necessary to clarify the restrictions and the characteristics of the term 'correspondence word'. 5-5 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY 1. A correspondence word is a word/phrase in the target language whose meaning content is the same as the source language headword. 2. A correspondence word is a word/phrase in the target language that is linguistically (whose linguistic properties/characteristics are) similar to the headword of the source language. Though the content meaning of the headword and the correspondence word may be the same, it is not always the case that the concepts represented by the headword and the correspondence word are absolutely identical. A well-known example of this are the English translations 'hat' and 'cap' for the Japanese word '帽子' . The correspondence words 'hat ' and 'cap' are provided though the selection of the words depends on the following condition: a 'hat' has a brim, but a 'cap' does not have a brim. The meaning content of the Japanese word '帽 子' is the same as the meaning content of the English words 'hat' and 'cap'. That is, they refer to a thing that is worn on the head. The concept of the Japanese word, however, is broader since there are no restrictions on whether the 'thing' worn on the head has a brim or not. Supplementary information is provided as part of the correspondence information of the Japanese-English Bilingual Information in order to indicate these types of conceptual differ ences. The second of the two characteristics refers not only to linguistic similarity in terms of part of speech between the source language and the target language, it also refers to non-linguistic information such as style, social situation and other pragmatic information. This type of information is refereed to as 'register' in this dictionary. Information regarding register is part of the correspondence information. Another important issue when providing correspondence words, is providing correspondence words based on word senses. Polysemy, that is a word that has multiple word senses, is generally found in any language. The correspondence words given should be supplied based on each word sense of a word. In practical application systems such as machine translation, it is important to select correspondence words that are the same in meaning to the source language. For this reason, correspondence words must be provided based on word sense. For the common noun '読み(yomi) in Japanese in the example below, there are several English correspondence words. There may be cases in which there is more than one correspondence word for each of word senses, as in the first word sense above. The following two correspondence words are provided: the Japanese reading of a Chinese character, and pronunciation. In machine translation systems it is important for correspondence words to be selected based on the word sense of the source language. The division of word senses given in section 5.3 is used in the Japanese-English Word Dictionary. The correspondence information of the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary, contains the correspondence information for each correspondence word. The correspondence information is composed of the correspondence relation, correspondence type (number), correspondence word notation, and the part of speech of the correspondence word. Correspondence word notation is 5-6 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Example _______________________________________________________________ Headword: 読み Part of Speech: Common Noun Word Sense 1: 漢字の訓読み Correspondence Word: Japanese reading of a Chinese character, pronunciation Word Sense 2: 碁や将棋などで先の局面の変化を見通すこと Correspondence Word: reading the upcoming moves Word Sense 3: 物事の内容や技術を理解する Correspondence_Word:___comprehension;reading___________________ described in the explanation on supplementary information. Included in the correspondence information is the notation of the correspondence word and also other types of information that are related to the correspondence word. 5.4.1. Correspondence Relation The division of the relation between the headword and the correspondence word used in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary is explained below. The first division is made based on the existence of the concept of the headword in the target language; either the concept exists, in which case the relation is that of 'equivalence' or the concept does not exist in the target language, in which the case the relation is 'no equivalence'. Equivalence is further sub- divided into 'complete equivalence' and 'partial equivalence'. If the concepts of the headword and the correspondence word are either identical or very nearly identical, they are said to have 'complete equivalence' and if the concepts of the headword and the corresponding word are partially similar they are said to have 'partial equivalence'. Finally, if the concept of the headword does not exist in the target language, then the headword and the correspondence word are said to have 'no equivalence'. The relation between the headw ord and the correspondence word is called the correspondence relation (Figure 5.1). Correspondence Relation | + Equivalence | | | + Complete Equivalence | + Partial Equivalence | + No Equivalence The type or relation between the headword and the corresponding word is not explicitly given in the records of the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary. Rather, the relation is indicated by the descriptive formats of correspondence word category (See section 5.4.2) and the correspondence word notation (See 5-7 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY section 5.4.3). That is, the distinction between 'equivalence' and 'no equivalence' is indicated by the values given in the correspondence word category: a value '0' indicates 'equivalence' and the remaining values, 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate 'no equivalence'. The type of equivalence, either partial or complete, is indicated by the presence or lack of supplementary (or restricting) information in the notation of the correspondence word. If the specific properties of either the headword or the correspondence word is indicated in the correspondence notation or the correspondence word has representative examples, then the relation is automatically partial equivalence. If such information is not indicated in the notation, then the correspondence between the headword and correspondence word has complete equivalence. 5.4.2. Correspondence Word Category The correspondence word category contains information regarding the descriptive format of the correspondence word. Included in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary are headwords which have Japanese specific concepts. For such headwords, an equivalent (either complete or partial) does not exist in English. In order to provide correspondence information for this type of headword, paraphrase, word-for-word translation, romanization of the headword and explanation are used instead of a correspondence word. The correspondence word category number is used to distinguish between these four different descriptive types. The number and correspondence type are given below: 1: paraphrase 2: word-for-word translation 3: romanization of headword 4: explanation The four correspondence word types, are further explained below. For information regarding the correspondence word category [0] (equivalence) see section 5.4.4. Paraphrase Paraphrase is a re-wording or linguistic representation that exists in the target language that when used has the same effect as the headword in the source language. That is, the concept of the re-wording in the target language causes one to imagine a concept that is similar to the concept of the source language headword. Example ___________________________________________ Headword_______________Correspondence_Word_ 阿多福(オタフク)_______old_bitty___________ Word-for-word Translation 5-8 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY The correspondence word is a direct translation of the headword. The Kanji character (word) is translated directly into English forming a new combination of words in English. Example _____________________________________________________ Headword_______________Correspondence_Word___________ 敬老の日_______________Respect_for_the_Aged_Day______ Romanization The correspondence word is the reading of the Japanese headword spelled out in Roman letters. Example _____________________________________________________ Headword_______________Correspondence_Word___________ 阿多福(オタフク)_______otafuku_______________________ Explanation When neither of the aforementioned description types can be used, an explanation of the content meaning of the headword is given. Example _________________________________________________________________________ Headword_______________Correspondence_Word_______________________________ 阿多福(オタフク) moonfaced woman with prominent forehead, plump _______________________cheeks,_and_ashort_flat_nose______________________ Below is a correspondence between the types of equivalence and the different descriptive formats. 5.4.3. Correspondence Word Notation The correspondence word for the Japanese headword is an English word or phrase. ASCII code characters are used in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary. The accent marks for correspondence words that content accent marks are indicated in the correspondence word notation by a code. The code is placed to the left of the relevant character. The codes used in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary to indicate accents marks are given below. 5-9 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY _______________________________________________________________________ Correspon- Correspon- Descriptive Format dence Rela- dence Word tion________________________Category___________________________________ Equivalence Complete 0 Contains No Supplementary In- Equivalence formation Partial 0 Contains Supplementary Infor- ______________Equivalence________________mation________________________ No equivalence 1 Paraphrase 2 Word-for-word Translation 3 Romanization ____________________________4____________Explanation___________________ ____________________________________________________ Accent_Type_______Accent_Code___Example_Headword____ acute (´) @< attach@ pret-@>a-poter circumflex (＾) @^ ch@^ateau tilde ( ~) @@ se@@nior umlaut (¨) @: M@:archen cedilla_(__)______@&____________gar@&con____________ Included in some correspondence word notations are representative word groups that indicate words may be inserted in the correspondence word. The list and interpretation of the representative word groups is given below: Representative Word Groups In Verb Phrase Correspondence Words: *someone Noun indicating a person *something Noun indicating a thing *one Noun indicating a person; noun is the same as the subject when correspondence word is used in a sentence *someone else Noun indicating a person; co-occurs with *someone *something else Noun indicating a thing; co-occurs with *something *someone's Possessive case of noun referring to a person; possessive case of noun is different from the subject when correspondence word is used in a sentence *something's Possessive case of noun referring to a thing; possessive case of noun is different from the subject when correspondence word is used in a sentence *one's Possessive case of noun referring to a person; possessive case of noun is the same as the subject when correspondence word is used in a sentence *his/her Possessive case of noun referring to a person; person referred to is the same as direct object 5-10 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY *oneself Reflexive pronoun *place Single (one) place/location *places Multiple (more than one) place/location *place's Representative Word Groups In Noun Phrase Correspondence Words: *person Singular noun indicating a person *persons Plural noun indicating people *person's Possessive case of singular noun indicating a person *thing Singular noun indicating a thing *things Plural noun indicating thing *thing's Possessive case of singular noun indicating things *A Noun that indicates a person or a thing *B When there are two representative words (nouns indicating a person or a thing) in a correspondence word, B is used to refer to the second instance *C When there are three representative words (nouns indicating a person or a thing) in a correspondence word, C is used to refer to the third instance *do Verb *doing Present progressive form of verb *adj Adjective or adjective phrase *adv Adverb, adverb phrase, or adverbial clause 5.4.4. Supplementary (Restricting) Information Supplementary information is provided mainly in the correspondence word information for correspondence words with partial equivalence. It is used to indicate semantic restrictions in either the headword or the correspondence word and also to indicate representative examples. There are four different types of supplementary information. The four different types and explanations are given below. Supplementary information is assigned throughout for human reference, and it is rather rare for the real data to be clearly categorized into one of the following groups as shown by examples. Please bear this in your mind when you use the dictionary. headword specific information correspondence word specific information representative examples register information Headword Specific Information When there are semantic restriction on the headword the restricting information is indicated in the correspondence word by surrounding the information in parentheses. In the example below, the correspondence word '(older) brother' is given. The headword refers not just to a brother, but to a brother who is older, so 'older' is added and included in parentheses in order to indicate the semantic restrictions inherent in the headword. There are no restrictions (in terms of position) on the descriptive format for indicating semantic restrictions inherent in the headword. 5-11 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Example _________________________________ Headword_____Correspondence_Word_ 兄___________(older)_brother_____ Correspondence Word Specific Information When there are semantic restrictions on the correspondence word the restricting information is indicated by placing the information in double angle brackets, << >>. In the example below, there are two different correspondence words in English that correspond to the headword, 'host' and 'hostess'. When the word 'host' is used as the correspondence word the referent is male, etc. so the information 'male' and 'female' are given in angle brackets in order to indicate the semantic restrictions inherent in these correspondence words. There are no restrictions (in terms of position) on the descriptive format for indicating semantic restrictions inherent in the correspondence word. Examples _________________________________ Headword_____Correspondence_Word_ 主人 <> host 主人_________<>_hostess__ Representative Examples If there are specific words that can only occur with the English correspondence word that is given, the word or representative example is provided in the correspondence word with square brackets, [ ]. In the example below, the supplementary information provided as the representative example indicates that the verb 'tuck up' often (if not only) occurs with the word 'sleeves'. Example ___________________________________ Headword_______Correspondence_Word_ たくし上げる___tuck_up_[sleeves]___ Register Information Register information contains the pragmatic information for either the headword, the correspondence word or both. Register information is divided into the following: style, time, formality, language, and social register. When register information is provided for a bilingual dictionary record, the information is indicated in the correspondence word notation by single angle brackets, < >. If the register information is specific to the headword only, the bracketed information precedes the correspondence word. If the register information indicates information specific to the correspondence word only, the 5-12 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY bracketed information also precedes the correspondence word. It is distinguished from the headword specific information by a 'c:' before the register label, ''. If the register information is applicable to both the correspondence word and the headword, the bracketed information is placed after the correspondence word notation. The specific register labels used in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary are given below. (a) Style Register The following labels indicate the style level of the headword or correspondence word: ________________________________________________________________________ Label_________Meaning___________________________________________________ Indicates that a word is used in everyday speech Indicates that a word is slang Indicates that a word is used in poetry Indicates that a word is of questionable language Indicates that a word is often used in literature ___Indicates_a_word_that_is_used_in_the_place_of_another_word (b) Time Register The following labels indicate that the headword or correspondence word is not a current word: _____________________________________________________ Label________Meaning_________________________________ Indicates that the word is archaic Indicates that the expression is histor- ical (The concept for the word no longer _____________exists.)________________________________ (c) Formality Register The following labels indicate the level of formality in the language of the headword or the correspondence word: ________________________________________________________________ Label__________Meaning__________________________________________ Indicates that a word is an honorific Indicates that a word is used in humble language Indicates that a word is used in polite language ___Indicates_that_a_word_is_used_to_belittle_someone (d) Language Register The following labels indicate the language of origin of the headword or the correspondence word: Example __________ _ (e) Social Register EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY When the headword or the correspondence word are used in specific places or in particular social situations, the specific place or social situation is indicated in the social register. An example of social register is given below: Example _____________________________________________________ Headword_____Correspondence_Word_____________________ 老台__________you______ 5.4.5. Part of Speech of Correspondence Word In the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary, a part of speech assignment is given to the correspondence words. The part of speech assignments used are similar to the part of speech assignments in the English Word Dictionary but the categories are abbreviated. When a correspondence word has several different parts of speech, the part of speech assignments are divided by a semicolon, ';'. For the part of speech codes, and the division of part of speech categories with examples, refer to Table 5-2. It is sometimes hard to assign a single appropriate part of speech covering the entire string of the correspondence word because no specific restrictions are provided in describing the correspondence words in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary. Please use this information for reference use only. 5.5. Management Information The management information of the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary contains the management history record. The management history record provides information such as date of creation or record update. 5.a Tables 5-1 Part of Speech Assignments 5-2 Part of Speech Assignments For Correspondence Words 5-14 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Table 5-1 Part of Speech Assignments _____________________________________________________________________________ Category Parts of Code Example Explanation ______________Speech_________________________________________________________ Nouns Common JN1 太陽, 山 Words that precede the case Noun marking particles, がor を Proper JN2 日本 Names for places, persons, Noun things, etc. Numerals JN3 ０, １ Numerals that make up numeri- cal sequences, such as Arabic, Roman, and Chinese numerals, and words that represent base ten numerical units in the de- cimal system. Nu-meral se- quences signifying quantity, dates, and times, re not in- cluded in this category. Temporal JN4 今日, 皆 Words that can function as Noun both nouns (by preceding a case-marking particle, such as が or を, and by modifying a predicate) and adverbs (by modifying a predicate without a case marker), and which modify a predicate)with the same concept. Words in this category do not always represent a time-related con- cept. Words representing quantity or degree are also included in this category if they function as both nouns and adverbs. Formal JN7 こと, もの Words that always require ad- Noun nominals. Words in this category have an incomplete concept and cannot specify a referent by themselves. Verbs Verb JVE 走(る), 和 Predicates whose predicative (する), 勉 form ends in the "u"-vowel. 強(する) This code is also assigned to verbal nouns(words that func- tion as both nouns and verbs). Verbal nouns are assigned the codes (JN1;JVE). Adjectives Adjective JAJ 美し(い), Predicates whose predicative な(い) form ends in い. 5-15 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Adjectival Adjectival JAM 静か(だ), (1) Predicates whose predica- Nouns Noun 同じ(だ), tive form ends in だ. Adjec- 感動的 tival nouns do not precede (だ), 堂々 case-marking particles such as (たる) が or を. This marks the difference from nouns which precede だ. Furthermore, ad- jectival nouns cannot be ad- verbials by their stems only. This marks the difference from the adverbs which precede だ. The standard adnominal form ends in な. However, some ad- jectival nouns become adnomi- nals without な or with の as in the examples 同じ本 and 久 し振りの会食. Adjectival nouns can become adverbials when preceding the standard infinitive form に. However, there are some adjectival nouns that cannot precede the に-form. (2) Predicates whose adnominal form is たる and whose infini- tive form is と, are also in- cluded in this category. They are called "taruto" conjuga- tion adjectival nouns. Adverbs Adverb JD1 すっかり, Words that function as adver- ほぼ bials on their own. Adverbs that denote quantity, degree, or manner can modify a noun with the の adnominal form. Epistemic JD2 たぶん Adverbs that modify a modal Adverb part of a whole sentence. Adnouns Adnoun JNM ある, いか Words that only function as なる adnominals. Demonstrative ad- nouns are also included. Conjunc- Sentence JC1 それで, し Conjunctions that join whole tions Conjunc- かし sentences tion Word Con- JC3 または, お Conjunctions that join words, junction よび phrases or sentences Prefixes Adjectival JT1 若(主人), Prefixes whose form is an ad- Prefix 安(月給) jective or an adjectival noun stem Adverbial JT2 再(入国), Prefixes whose form is an ad- Prefix 真(新しい) verb 5-16 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Adnominal JT3 各(家庭) Prefixes whose form is an ad- Prefix noun Honorific JT4 ど(あほ Prefixes having pragmatic Prefix う), お(茶 functions, such as showing わん) respect or emphasis Counter JN5 第, 約 Prefixes that precede numerals Prefix Suffixes Suffix JB1 上, 別 Words that follow other words, and become compounds. Unit JUN メートル, Words for standard measure- ｐｐｍ, ment. Words in this category 時, ダース convey a substantial concept on their own (without numerals). This marks the difference from counter suf- fixes (JN6). Units for count- ing numbers of sets, such as セット and 組, are also in- cluded. Counter JN6 回, 章 Suffixes for countable things, Suffix indicating number or order Conjuga- Verb End- JEV か, き, く Conjugational endings for tional ing verbs Endings Adjective JEA く, い, Conjugational endings for ad- Ending かっ jectives Adjectival JEM な, だ, に Conjugational endings for ad- Noun End- jectival nouns ing Phrases A word entry which consists of more than one phrase(bunsetsu) and whose constituents comprise one syntactic node. Idioms are assigned this part of speech. The part of speech assignment is based on the syntactic function of the whole phrase. Noun JNP 背水の陣 Phrase Verb JPR 足場を固め Phrase る Adjective JAP 押すに押さ Phrases that function as ad- Phrase れぬ nominal modifiers Adverbial JMP 雨が降ろう Phrases that function as ver- Phrase が，槍が降 bal modifiers ろうが Indepen- JIP おそれ入谷 Idiomatic phrases that are dent の鬼子母神 used as quotations Phrase 5-17 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Sentence JSE 時は金なり Idiomatic sentences that are used as quotations Others Particle JJO が, を, に Particle- JJ1 について Words that are made up of a equivalent continuous sequence of words, Word and which function in the same way as particles. Auxiliary JJD せる, させ Verb る Auxiliary JJP てもかまわ Words that are made up of a Verb- ない, ねば continuous sequence of words, equivalent ならない and which function in the same Word way as auxiliary verbs. They are usedas modals. Verbal JAX 始める, 終 Words that function as predi- Auxiliary る, すぎ cates by themselves, and which る, やすい also function in the same way as auxiliary verbs. Inter- JIT おい, おや jection Symbol JSY Ａ, Ｂ Character symbols that in themselves have no specific concept. However, they take the place of substantial con- cepts. Words that denote sub- stantial concepts, such as ab- breviations, are not included _______________________________________________in_this_category._____________ 5-18 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Table 5-2 Part of Speech Assignments for Correspondence Words ____________________________________________________________________________ Part of Part of Speech Divi- Example _Speech______sion___________________________________________________________ EN Noun school Noun Phrase shrine work Nominal Clause the scene of an ancient battle mask of a woman with prominent forehead, plump cheeks, and a short nose what one says EP Pronoun he, she Pronoun Equivalent the other EV Verb visit Verb Phrase visit to a shrine to offer $one'sthanks to the god EA Adjective young Adjective Phrase healthy in spite of $one'sage ED Adverb hard Adverb Phrase a little while ago Adverbial Clause when $oneis just about to go out while a conversation is going on EPR Preposition in, on, at Preposition all over Equivalent ET Determiner this, that EAV Auxiliary Verb can Auxiliary Verb be able to Equivalent EIT Interjection EC Conjunction and, or, before, after Conjunction as long as Equivalent now that just before EPF Prefix ex- EPP Prepositional Phrase in the midst of talking ESE Sentence A natural calamity will happen when we least expect it EUN Unit rod, rd ESY__________Symbol_________________C_______________________________________ 5-19 EDR ************************************** JAPANESE-ENGLISH BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Correspondence Between Types of Equivalence and Descriptive Formats ________________________________________________________________________________ Correspondence Relation Correspon- Descriptive Format dence Word ________________________________Category________________________________________ Equivalence Complete 0 Contains no supplementary informa- Equivalence tion Partial 0 Contains supplementary information Equivalence No Equivalence 1 Paraphrase 2 Word-for-word translation 3 Romanization ________________________________4____________Explanation________________________ 5-20