EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Chapter_6 The_English-Japanese_Bilingual_Dictionary The English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary is composed of the bilingual records arranged alphabetically according to the headword. The record of the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary is composed of the record number, headword information, grammatical information, semantic information, Japanese correspondence information and management information. The main role of the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary is to describe the correspondence between the English word and the concept represented by the word and to provide the Japanese correspondence word when used with the given meaning. ===========Structure of English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary Records=========== :Record type and identifier number :(Section 6.1) :Notation and reading of headword with its stem form ending :Part of speech (Section 6.2 and Table 6-1) :(Section 6.3) :Number that uniquely identifies the concept (Section 6.3.1.) :Headword that represents concept. (Provided for content words only. Section 6.3.2) :English headword that represents concept :Japanese headword that represents concept :Written explanation of concept (Provided for content words only. Section 6.3.2.) :Concept explication in English :Concept explication in Japanese :(Section 6.4) 。。。 :Correspondence word and grammatical information :Type of correspondence word (Only equivalents are given.) :Notation of Japanese correspondence word :(Section 6.5) :Management information such as date of creation or record update ================================================================================ ===========Example of English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary Records (Noun)====== 6-1 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY EJB1083615 claim Common Noun 3d01c7 claim 権利[ケンリ] a lawful power which enables a person to claim his profit 法律上で特定の利益を主張しうる力 0 (当然の)権利 0 (当然の)資格 0 要求権 DATE="95/3/10" ================================================================================ =========Example of English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary Records (Verb)======== EJB1054678 belabor Verb 3cecd7 blister 痛罵する[ツウバ・スル] to attack with sharp words ひどくののしる 6-2 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY 0 (言葉で)しつこく攻撃する 0 (しつこく)攻めたてる 0 ののしる DATE="95/3/10" ================================================================================ ======Example of English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary Records (Adjective)====== EJB1095361 constant Common Noun 3d0289 constant 一定する[イッテイ・スル] the condition of being unchanging 一定して変わりのないこと 0 不変の 0 一定の 0 安定した 0 6-3 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY 一様の ================================================================================ 6.1. Headword Information The headword information contains the English headword only. The invariable portion of the headword and pair of adjacency attributes, syllable division and pronunciation notation that are part of the headword information portion of the English Word Dictionary records are not included. The headwords registered in the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary include words typically used in daily life, technical terms and proper nouns that have become commonly used, abbreviations, etc. The headwords in the dictionary have the same spelling as the headwords registered in the English Word Dictionary. Words that inflect are registered in their stem forms. All forms of words that do not follow a regular inflection pattern are registered as separate headword entries. In addition, nouns that follow a regular inflection pattern but whose meaning differs between the singular and the plural form, are also registered as separate headword entries. Headwords in the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary allow for the insertion of variable elements (not specified) between the constituents that make up a compound word phrase. In such cases, a word class indicating the type of word that may be inserted in the phrase is indicated in the headword notation. The asterisks (*) is in itself a word class that represents any word and is also used in combination with other more specific word classes. The current class names being used in the English- Japanese Bilingual Dictionary are given below: '*' '*one' '*someone' '*something' '*somewhere' '*one's' '*someone's' '*something's' '*oneself' '*be' '*do' '*suf' Headwords, which resemble headword entries in paper-based dictionaries, are provided in order to facilitate the distinction between one word and another. The number of words in the dictionary is defined in terms of the number of differing headwords it contains. Example of Headword Description _______________________________ apple manner 6-4 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY manners went stay_out_of_one's_way__________ Accent marks on headwords that are foreign words are indicated in the headword by a code. The relevant code is placed to the left of the character string notation. The codes used in the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary to indicate accents marks are given below. ____________________________________________________ Accent_Type_______Accent_Code___Example_Headword____ acute (´) @< attach@ pret-@>a-poter circumflex (＾) @^ ch@^ateau tilde ( ~) @@ se@@nior umlaut (¨) @: M@:archen cedilla_(__)______@&____________gar@&con____________ 6.2. Grammatical Information The grammatical information is composed of the part of speech of the headword only. Other information such as syntactic tree, word form information, grammatical attributes, and function word information that are part of the grammatical information of the English Word Dictionary records are not included. The parts of speech used in the English-Japanese Word Dictionary are shown in table 6-1. 6.3. Semantic Information The semantic information is composed of the concept identifier, the headconcept, and the concept explication. The concept identifier, headconcept and concept explication provide the basic information for the concepts in the Concept Dictionary. Upon hearing or seeing a word, a person can conjure up a number of images associated with that word. Some images are objective and stable and are not influenced by a particular situation. Such images are referred to as 'concepts'. Concepts provide the information necessary to discriminate between the various meanings of the words contained in the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary. The concepts are similar to the word senses noted in paper-based dictionaries but differ in the sense that they are not language dependent. 6.3.1. Concept Identifier The concept identifier is a numerical representation of the concept and maintains the identity (uniqueness) of the concept. Concept identifiers are given to all words in the dictionary and provide the link between the English- 6-5 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Japanese Bilingual Dictionary and the Concept Dictionary. 6.3.2. Headconcept and Concept Explication In addition to the concept identifier, content words are also supplied with a headconcept and a concept explication. Content words are words that have independent and concrete concepts. Content words in English are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and phrasals. Headconcepts are described in both English and Japanese by a headword that best represents the concept. For English-specific concepts where a suitable representative Japanese headword does not exist however, an Japanese headconcept is not provided. The concept explication is a written explanation of the concept, and is provided in order to help people distinguish the various concept of a word. Example of Semantic Information ___________________________________________________________________________ Headword Japanese English Japanese Con- English Concept Ex- Headcon- Headcon- cept Explica- plication ___________cept_________cept_________tion__________________________________ dog 犬［イヌ］ dog 犬という動物 an animal called dog dog スパイ［ス spy スパイという役 a person who spys ___________パイ］____________________割の人________________________________ For detailed information regarding concepts, refer to Chapter 4 Concept Dictionary. 6.4. Correspondence Word Information A correspondence word is generally defined as the word notation of the target language that corresponds to the headword of the source language. However, in order to provide accurate and precise bilingual (correspondence information) it is first necessary to clarify the restrictions and the characteristics of the term 'correspondence word'. 1. A correspondence word is a word in the target language whose meaning content is the same as the source language headword. Though the content meaning of the headword and the correspondence word may be the same, it is not always the case that the concepts represented by the headword and the correspondence word are absolutely identical. The Japanese correspondence words for the English word 'quintuplet' exemplifies this point. In Japanese there are at least two correspondence words for 'quintuplet': '五個 組 (a set of five things)' and '五人組 (a set made up of five people)'. The correspondence words '五個組 ' and '五人組' are provided though the selection of the words depends on the following condition: '五個組' is the appropriate word when referring to things, and '五人組' is the appropriate word when referring to 6-6 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY people. The meaning content of the English word 'quintuplet' is the same as the meaning content of the Japanese words. That is, they refer to sets of five. The concept of the English word however, is broader since there are no restrictions on whether the set of five things are people or things. Supplementary information is provided as part of the correspondence information of the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary in order to indicate these types of conceptual differences. Another important issue when providing correspondence words, is providing correspondence words based on word senses. Polysemy, that is a word that has multiple word senses, is generally found in any language. The correspondence words given should be supplied based on each word sense of a word. In practical application systems such as machine translation, it is important to select correspondence words that are the same in meaning to the source language. For this reason, correspondence words must be provided based on word sense. For the adjective 'alcoholic' in the example below, there are three different Japanese correspondence words. Example ________________________________________________________________ Headword: alcoholic Part of Speech: Adjective Word Sense 1: containing alcohol, Correspondence Word1: アルコールの入った Word Sense 2: of, concerning, or caused by alcohol Correspondence Word2: アルコールの, アルコールが原因の Word Sense 3: suffering from alcoholism Correspondence_Word3:___アルコール中毒の________________________ There may be cases in which there is more than one correspondence word for each of word sense, as in the second word sense above. For the word sense, 'of, containing, or caused by alcohol', the following two correspondence words are provided: アルコールの, アルコールが原因の. In machine translation systems it is important for correspondence words to be selected based on the word sense of the source language. The division of word senses given in section 6.3 is used in the English-Japanese Word Dictionary. The correspondence information of the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary, contains the correspondence information for each correspondence word. The correspondence information is composed of the correspondence type (number) and the correspondence word notation. Correspondence word notation is described in the explanation on supplementary information. Included in the correspondence information is the notation of the correspondence word and also other types of information that are related to the correspondence word. 6-7 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY 6.4.1. Correspondence Relation The division of the relation between the headword and the correspondence word used in the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary are explained below. The relation between the headwords and the corresponding translations is that of equivalence. The division of 'no equivalence' used in the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary is not part of the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary. Equivalence is sub-divided into 'complete equivalence' and 'partial equivalence'. If the concepts of the headword and the correspondence word are either identical or very nearly identical, they are said to have 'complete equivalence' and if the concepts of the headword and the corresponding word are partially similar they are said to have 'partial equivalence'. The relation between the headword and the correspondence word is called the correspondence relation (Figure 6.1). Correspondence Relation | + Equivalence | +Complete Equivalence +Partial Equivalence The type or relation between the headword and the corresponding word is not explicitly given in the records of the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary. Rather, the relation is indicated by the descriptive formats of correspondence word category (See section 6.4.2) and the correspondence word notation (See section 6.4.3). The type of equivalence, either partial or complete, is indicated by the presence or lack of supplementary (or restricting) information in the notation of the correspondence word. If the specific properties of either the headword or the correspondence word is indicated in the correspondence notation or the correspondence word has representative examples, then the relation is automatically partial equivalence. If such information is not indicated in the notation, then the correspondence between headword and correspondence word has complete equivalence. 6.4.2. Correspondence Word Category The correspondence word category contains information regarding the descriptive format of the correspondence word. In the Japanese-English Bilingual Dictionary there are various descriptive formats used in order to provide correspondence words for Japanese-specific concepts. Specifically, the different descriptive formats for words that are considered 'no equivalence'. The English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary, however, does not make use of such descriptive formats. Correspondence words that resemble paraphrases are treated as equivalents. Accordingly, the only value for the correspondence word category is '0', equivalence. Below is the correspondence between the types of equivalence. _______________________________________________________________________ 6-8 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Correspon- Correspon- Descriptive Format dence Rela- dence Word tion________________________Category___________________________________ Equivalence Complete 0 Contains No Supplementary In- Equivalence formation Partial 0 Contains Supplementary Infor- ______________Equivalence________________mation________________________ 6.4.3. Correspondence Word Notation The correspondence word for the English headword is a Japanese word or phrase. (Note: supplementary or restricting information (See section 6.4.4) may also be included as part of the headword notation.) 6.4.4. Supplementary (Restricting) Information Supplementary information is provided in the correspondence word information for correspondence words with partial equivalence. It is used to indicate semantic restrictions in either the headword or the correspondence word. The two types of supplementary information used in the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary are: headword specific information correspondence word specific information The two types of supplementary explanations are explained below. Headword Specific Information When there are semantic restriction on the headword the restricting information is indicated in the correspondence word by surrounding the information in parentheses. For verbs that take a particular object, the object may also be included in parentheses. There are no restrictions (in terms of position) on the descriptive format for indicating semantic restrictions inherent in the headword. Example _______________________________________ Headword_____Correspondence_Word_______ blanch (病気・恐怖などで)青ざめる canon (倫理・ 芸術上の)規準 careen_______(船を)傾ける______________ Correspondence Word Specific Information 6-9 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY When there are semantic restrictions on the correspondence word the restricting information is indicated by placing the information in double angle brackets, << >>. There are no restrictions (in terms of position) on the descriptive format for indicating semantic restrictions inherent in the correspondence word. Examples ___________________________________ Headword_____Correspondence_Word___ legend <<人では>>伝説的人物 legend <<行為では>>伝説的所業 navigation <<船では>>航行 navigation___<<飛行機では>>飛行____ 6.5. Management Information The management information of the English-Japanese Bilingual Dictionary contains the management history record. The management history record provides information such as date of creation or record update. 6.a Tables 6-1 English Part of Speech Assignments 6-10 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Table 6-1 Part of Speech Assignments _______________________________________________________________________________ ___Category____________Part_of_Speech_________Code_____________Example_________ Nouns Common Noun EN1 book Proper Noun EN2 Tokyo Cardinal Number EN3 one, two Ordinal Number EN4 first Classifier EN5 piece, amount, bit Pronouns Personal Pronoun EP1 I, my, me, mine Interrogative Pronoun EP2 who, what Demonstrative Pronoun EP3 this, that Indefinite Pronoun EP4 some, anyone Relative Pronoun EP5 who, whose, that Verbs Verb EVE run Be-verb EBE am, are, is Adjectives Adjective EAJ beautiful Adverbs Relative Adverb ED1 whenever Interrogative Adverb ED2 how Adverbial Particle ED3 off, up, back, round Conjunctive Adverb ED4 because, since Common Adverb ED5 very, actually Prepositions Preposition EPR in, on, at Preposition Equivalent EPR2 in front of, according to, regarding Determiners Demonstrative Determiner ET1 this, that Indefinite Determiner ET2 any, both, either, such Article EAR a, an, the Auxiliary Verbs EAV will, must Auxiliary Verb Equivalent EAV2 have to, would rather Interjections Interjection EIT ah, oh Conjunctions Coordinate Conjunction EC1 and, but Coordinate Conjunction EC12 Equivalent Subordinate Conjunction EC2 whether Subordinate Conjunction EC22 even if, so that Equivalent To-Infinitive To-Infinitive EFT to, not to Affixes Suffix EPF semi- Word Endings Noun Ending EEN (book)s Verb Ending EEV (turn)s, (turn)ed, (turn)ing Adjective Ending EEA (small)er, (small)est Adverb Ending EED (hard)er, (hard)est Phrases and Noun Phrase ENP Sentences Verb Phrase EVP kick the bucket Adjective Phrase EAP green with envy Adverb Phrase EDP all in good time Preposition Phrase EPP under the counter Independent Phrase EIP no names, no pack drills 6-11 EDR ************************************** ENGLISH-JAPANESE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Sentence ESE Time flies like an arrow. Other Unit EUN cm, kg __________________Symbol______________________ESY_____A,_B,_C,_a,_b,_c,_?,_&___ 6-12