EDR ******************************************* ENGLISH CO-OCCURRENCE DICTIONARY



                                   Chapter_8

                      The_English_Co-occurrence_Dictionary

     The English Co-occurrence Dictionary is composed of the alphabetically
arranged notations of headphrases.  The phrases are the abstracted portions of
actual sentences contained in the English Corpus.  The results of the parsing
analysis of these sentences indicates that the constituents of the sentence have
a dependency structure.  That is, the constituents have a governing-dependent
relation.  It is these constituents that form the headphrases of the English
Co-occurrence Dictionary.

     Records of the English Co-occurrence Dictionary are composed of the record
number, headword information, co-occurrence constituent information, syntactic
information, semantic information, co-occurrence situation information, and
management information.  The main role of the English Co-occurrence Dictionary
is to show actual examples of how autonomous words are appropriately combined
based on the co-occurrence situation information obtained from the English
Corpus.

==============Structure of English Co-occurrence Dictionary Records=============
<Record Number> *1                      :Record type and identifier number
<Headword Information>                  :Headword of the Co-occurrence
                                        Dictionary record (Section 8.1)
        <Headphrase> *2                 :Co-occurrence phrase notation
<Co-occurrence Constituent Information> :Information regarding the list of
                                        morphemes that comprise the co-occurrence
                                        phrase (Section 8.2)
        <List of Constituents > *3      :Each morpheme that comprises the co-
                                        occurrence phrase
<Syntactic Information>                 :Information regarding the syntactic
                                        structure of the co-occurrence phrase
                                        (Section 8.3)
        <Syntactic Sub-tree> *4         :Syntactic tree that shows the structure
                                        of the co-occurrence phrase
<Semantic Information>                  :Information of the deep-level concept
                                        relations (Section 8.4)
        <Semantic Sub-frame> *5         :Semantic frame that shows concept
                                        relations
<Co-occurrence Situation Information>   :Information that shows the co-
                                        occurrence situation from the English
                                        Corpus (Section 8.5)
        <Frequency> *6                  :Occurrence frequency in the English
                                        Corpus (Section 8.5.1)
        <Example Sentence> ... *7       :Restructured sentence of sentence in
                                        English Corpus, based on the co-
                                        occurrence relation (Section 8.5.2)
<Management Information>                :Information for dictionary development
                                        management
        <Management History Record> *8  :Management information such as date of
                                        creation or record update

Structure of Record Number Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*1 ______________________



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<Record Number>         ::=ECC<Identifier Number>
-----------------------------
        <Identifier Number>             :Seven digit decimal number

Structure of Headphrase Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*2 _______________________

<Headphrase>            ::=<Word 1 Notation><Co-occurrence Relation Label>
                        <Word 2 Notation>
<Word 1 Notation>       ::=<Word Notation>
<Word 2 Notation>       ::=<Word Notation>
-----------------------
        <Word Notation>                 :Character string notation of words that
                                        comprise the co-occurrence phrase
        <Co-occurrence Relation Label>  :A co-occurrence relation label from
                                        Table 8-2

Structure of Sequence of Constituents Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*3______________________

<Sequence of Constituents>
                        ::=<constituent>。。。
<Constituents>          ::='{'<Constituent Number><Morpheme><Stem Form
                        Notation><Part of Speech><Idiom Flag><Concept
                        Information>'}'
<Concept Information>   ::="" | <Semantic Information> | <Supplemental
                        Explanation of Concept>
<Semantic Information>  ::=<Concept Identifier><Headconcept><Concept
                        Explication>
<Concept Identifier>    ::=<Hexadecimal Integer>
<Headconcept>           ::=<English Headconcept><Japanese Headconcept>
<Concept Explication>   ::=<English Concept Explication><Japanese Concept
                        Explication>
<Supplemental Explanation of Concept>
                        ::="<Character string notation>"
----------
        <Constituent Number>            :Number given to constituent based on
                                        order of occurrence in the sentence
        <Morpheme>                      :Notation of morphemes comprising co-
                                        occurrence phrase
        <Stem Form>                     :Base form of morphemes comprising co-
                                        occurrence phrase
<Part of Speech>                        :Part of speech of morphemes comprising
                                        co-occurrence phrase
        <Idiom Flag>                    :Correspondence relation type between
                                        morpheme and concept
                                        :(0) regular concept and direct
                                        correspondence
                                        :(1) part of idiomatic phrase and does
                                        not directly correspond
        <Japanese Headconcept>          :Japanese headword that represents
                                        concept
        <English Headconcept>           :English headword that represents
                                        concept



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        <Japanese Concept Explication>  :Concept explication in Japanese
        <English Concept Explication>   :Concept explication in English
        <Supplemental Explanation of Concept>
                                        :Explanation of concept given when
                                        appropriate concept among concepts of
                                        the words in the English Word Dictionary
                                        does not exist

Structure of Syntactic Sub-tree Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*4 _____________________________

<Syntactic Sub-tree>    ::=<Governing Morpheme><Relator Constituent>
                        <Dependent Morpheme>
<Governing Morpheme>    ::=<Governing Morpheme Number>/<Notation of Governing
                        Word>
<Relator Constituent>   ::=<Relator Constituent Number>/<Co-occurrence Relation
                        Label>/<Notation of Relator Word>
<Dependent Morpheme>    ::=<Dependent Morpheme Number>/<Notation of Dependent
                        Word>
--------------------------
        <Governing Morpheme Number>     :Constituent number corresponding to
                                        governing morpheme
        <Notation of Governing Word>    :Word notation of governing morpheme
        <Relator Constituent Number>    :Constituent number corresponding to co-
                                        occurrence relation
        <Co-occurrence Relation Label>  :A co-occurrence relation label from
                                        Table 8-2
        <Notation of Relator Word>      :Word notation corresponding to relation
        <Dependent Morpheme Number>     :Constituent number corresponding to
                                        dependent morpheme
        <Notation of Dependent Word>    :Word notation of dependent morpheme

Structure of Semantic Sub-frame Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*5 __________________________

<Semantic Sub-frame>    ::=<Concept of Governing Morpheme>{""|<Concept
                        Relation Label>}<Concept of Dependent Morpheme>
<Concept of Governing Morpheme>
                        ::="" |<Governing Morpheme Number>/<Concept Identifier
                        of Governing Morpheme>/<Notation of Governing Word>
<Concept of Dependent Morpheme>
                        ::="" |<Dependent Morpheme Number>/<Concept Identifier
                        of Dependent Morpheme>/<Notation of Dependent Morpheme>
---------
        <Governing Morpheme Number>     :Constituent number corresponding to
                                        governing morpheme
        <Concept Identifier of Governing Morpheme>
                                        :Concept identifier of the governing
                                        morpheme
        <Notation of Governing Word>    :Word notation of governing morpheme
        <Relation Label>                :Relation label that indicates deep-
                                        level concept relation
        <Dependent Morpheme Number>     :Constituent number corresponding to
                                        dependent morpheme



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        <Concept Identifier of Depending Morpheme>
                                        :Concept identifier of the dependent
                                        morpheme
        <Notation of Dependent Word>    :Word notation of dependent morpheme

Structure of Frequency Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*6 __________________________

<Frequency>             ::=<Surface Level Co-occurrence Frequency>;
                        <Co-occurrence Entry Frequency>;<Governing Morpheme
                        Frequency>;<Dependent Morpheme Frequency>
----------------
        <Surface Level Co-occurrence Frequency>
                                        :Occurrence frequency of surface
                                        level co-occurrence relation
<Co-occurrence Entry Frequency>         :Occurrence frequency including deep
                                        level concept relation
        <Governing Morpheme Frequency>  :Frequency of governing morpheme
        <Dependent Morpheme Frequency>  :Frequency of dependent morpheme

Structure of Example Sentence Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*7___________________
<Example Sentence>      ::='{'<Sentence Identifier Information>/<Character
                        String Notation> '}'
<Sentence Identifier Information>
                        ::=<Sentence Identifier Number> (;) 。。。
<Sentence Identifier>   ::=<Character String Notation>

Structure of Management History Record Portion of Co-occurrence Record
*8 _____________________________
<Management History Record>
                        ::=<Attribute Name>=<Attribute Value> |
                        <Management History Record>;<Attribute Name>=<Attribute
                        Value>
<Attribute Name>        ::=<Character String Notation>
<Attribute Value>       ::=<Character String Notation>
================================================================================

===============Example of English Co-occurrence Dictionary Record===============
<Record Number>                         ECC157145
<Headword Information>
        <Headphrase>                    eaten   @d-object   lunch
<Co-occurrence Constituent Information>
<Constituent Number> <Morpheme> <Stem Form> <Part of Speech> <Idiom Flag>
<Concept Information>
{ 1     eaten   eat     VERB    0       3bc6f0  eat     食べる［タベ・ル］
"to eat something"      食物をとる }
{ 2     lunch           lunch   NOUN    0       3bec74  lunch   昼食［チュウショ
ク］    "a meal eaten at noon"  昼の食事 }
<Syntactic Tree Information>
        <Syntactic Sub-tree>
                <Governing Constituent> 1/eaten
                <Relator Constituent>   2/@d-object/""
                <Dependent Constituent> 2/lunch



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<Semantic Information>
        <Semantic Sub-frame>
                <Concept of Governing Element>
                                        1/3bc6f0/eaten
                <Semantic Relation>     object
                <Concept of Dependent Element>
                                        1/3bec74/lunch
<Co-occurrence Situation Information>
        <Frequency>                     3;2;173;65
        <Example Sentence>              {003000002264/ have you (eaten) <lunch>}
<Management Information>
        <Management History Record>     DATE="95/3/31"
================================================================================


8.1.  Headword Information

     The headword information of the English Co-occurrence Dictionary consists
of the headphrase only.  The headphrase is composed of the notation of the
governing and dependent morphemes joined by a co-occurrence relation label
(Section 8.3).  The order of the governing and dependent morpheme notation is
determined by the order in which the morphemes appear in the sentence: the
governing or dependent morpheme (whichever appeared first in the sentence), the
co-occurrence relation label, and the governing or dependent morpheme (whichever
appeared last in the sentence).

     The syntactic relations described in the English Co-occurrence Dictionary
include the following: noun subject and verb or adjective predicate; verb and
verb governed noun; noun subject and subject complement; objective complement
and direct object of verb; noun and adjective or verb modifying noun; adverbial
modification; compound noun; noun and nominal classifier; co-modification of the
same element by adjectives; co-modification of the same element by adverbs.


8.2.  Co-occurrence Constituent Information

     The co-occurrence constituent information is composed of information
relevant to each of the constituents that make up the co-occurrence headphrase.
Included in the co-occurrence constituent information is the morpheme notation
used in the actual example from which the phrase has been extracted, the part of
speech, the stem form of the word, idiom flag and concept information.  The
morpheme (if any) corresponding to the co-occurrence relation label and the
morphemes of both governing and depending elements are given in co-occurrence
constituent information.

     The stem form of the morpheme is given in the stem form notation field.  If
the morpheme is a number, the morpheme is described in Arabic numerals.  If the
form of the pronoun changes according to agreement or case the words are treated
as separate words.


    Example of Constituent Information





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    ___________________________________________________
    Notation of       Stem Form         Part of Speech
    Uninflected
    Portion of
    Headword___________________________________________
    book              book              NOUN
    giv               give              VERB
    gave              give              VERB
    I                 I                 PRON
    my                my                PRON
    should____________should____________AUX____________



     The parts of speech used in the English Word Dictionary are also used in
the English Co-occurrence Dictionary, however they have been regrouped and
redefined into fewer categories.  The correspondence between the types of parts
of speech used in the English Co-occurrence Dictionary and those in the English
Word Dictionary is given in Table 8-1.

     The idiom flag is information which shows the type of correspondence
relation between the morpheme and the concept that is given in the semantic
information (See section 8.4).  There are two correspondence relations: 1 and 0.
If there is a direct correspondence between the concept and the morpheme
indicated by the constituent number the correspondence relation '0' is given.
When the morpheme indicated by the constituent number corresponds to an
idiomatic phrase or compound word which includes the indicated morpheme, the
correspondence relation '1' is given.  In the example given in the beginning of
this chapter, the correspondence relation '0' is given to indicate that there is
a direct correspondence between the morpheme 'eaten' and the concept provided in
the concept information field.

     The concept information contains the concept identifier, the Japanese and
English headconcepts and the Japanese and English concept explications for the
concepts that correspond to each of the morphemes of the co-occurrence
headphrase.  When the morpheme is a word that does not represent a concept, the
concept information is left blank.  In such cases, double quotes are given in
the concept information field.  If the corresponding concept to a morpheme is a
concept which does not exist for a word within the English Word Dictionary, a
supplemental explanation of the concept written in English is given in the
concept information field.


8.3.  Syntactic Information

     The syntactic information is a syntactic sub-tree that represents the
surface co-occurrence relation(s) included in the co-occurrence headphrase.  The
co-occurrence relation is described by the combination of the governing
morpheme, the co-occurrence relation label and the dependent morpheme.

     There are four different types of co-occurrence relations described in the
English Co-occurrence Dictionary.  The four relations are: governing, modifying,
determining (of nouns by noun classifiers), and co-modifying (that is, between
constituents modifying the same element).  In the governing and modifying




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relations, the syntactic head is the governing element while in the determining
(of nouns by nouns classifiers) relation, the noun that is being modified is the
governing element.  Finally, in the co-modifying relation, the element occurring
closest to the morpheme being modified is the governing element.  The subject
and verb relation is described according to the governing relation.

     There are two different types of co-occurrence relation labels used in the
English Co-occurrence Dictionary.  The first type of co-occurrence relation
label corresponds exactly to the notation of function words such as
prepositions.  That is, the preposition or other function word itself is the
co-occurrence relation label.  The second type of co-occurrence relation label
is a relation label code that describes syntactic roles such as 'subject' and
'object, modifying relations, and determining relations by nominal classifiers.

     Though the format of the co-occurrence phrase constituent information field
allows for the description of preposition equivalents or other function words
composed of more than one word, only single word prepositions and single word
function words are used as co-occurrence relation labels in the current English
Co-occurrence Dictionary.  Table 8-21 shows the co-occurrence relation labels
used in the English Co-occurrence Dictionary.

     Each of the morphemes in the syntactic sub-tree have a constituent number
that indicates to which of the constituents in the co-occurrence constituent
information it corresponds.  However, the constituent number field is blank when
the co-occurrence relation does not correspond to a surface morpheme.  This is
the case with verbal modification by adverbs.  Since there is no surface
morpheme indicating the relation between the adverb and the verb, the field is
left blank.


8.4.  Semantic Information

     The semantic information of the co-occurrence record provides the deep
level semantic relations that correspond to the headphrase.  Each of the
semantic relations is expressed by a concept relation label in a semantic sub-
frame.  The concept relation labels are the same as the concept relation labels
used in the Concept Dictionary.

     The semantic information is given for the concept relation of the
headphrase in the following format:

    <Concept of Governing Morpheme><Concept Relation Label><Concept of
    Dependent Morpheme>


     A semantic sub-frame contains the governing and depending morpheme numbers,
the concept identifier from the Concept Dictionary of the concepts corresponding
to the morphemes and the governing and dependent word notations.  In cases where
the English Co-occurrence Dictionary record does not contain semantic
information, the governing concept constituent, the concept relation label, and
the dependent concept constituent fields are left blank.  A blank field is
indicated by double quotes.





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8.5.  Co-occurrence Situation Information

     The co-occurrence situation information contains information relevant to
the frequency of occurrences and situations for the co-occurrence records in the
English Corpus.  The co-occurrence situation information is composed of the
frequency of the co-occurrence relation and a portion of the actual example
sentence from which the co-occurrence relation was taken.


8.5.1.  Frequency

     The co-occurrence frequency is a number which indicates the number of times
a co-occurrence relation appears in the English Corpus.  There are three
different types of co-occurrence frequency descriptions: surface level co-
occurrence frequency, co-occurrence constituent frequency, and co-occurrence
entry frequency.

     The surface level co-occurrence frequency indicates the frequency of
appearance of the surface level co-occurrence relation of the headphrase.  The
co-occurrence entry frequency is a frequency which indicates how often the deep
level concept relation corresponding to the syntactic and semantic information
of the co-occurrence record occurred in the English Corpus.  Finally, the co-
occurrence constituent frequency indicates how often the morphemes of the
governing and dependent elements of the co-occurrence phrase appear in the
English Corpus.  The calculations for the co-occurrence constituent frequencies
are based on the constituents which have the same notation, stem form, part of
speech and concept.


8.5.2.  Example Sentence

     The example sentences that make up the second type of information covered
in the co-occurrence situation information are reconstructions of the actual
sentences from which the co-occurrence relation has been taken.  With the co-
occurrence relation as its base, the morphemes included in the co-occurrence
phrase as well as the neighboring constituents are extracted and used as the
example fragment.  The example sentence is provided as reference information in
order to see how the surrounding morphemes (of negation, aspect, causation,
etc.) influence the formation of the co-occurrence relation.

     In the example sentence of the English Co-occurrence Dictionary, the suffix
endings of inflecting words or the auxiliary verb of the predicate of the
governing element, are written following the morphemes of the headphrase.  The
portion corresponding to the governing morpheme is enclosed in parentheses (),
and the portion corresponding to the dependent morpheme is enclosed in angle
brackets <>.  When constituents occur between the elements of the governing and
modifying morphemes, the constituents are omitted and an ellipsis mark (...) is
used.

     If the headword is a noun, any articles accompanying the noun in the
original sentence are also shown.  An asterisk (*) is used to indicate when a
character string, such as an adjective, occurs between the article and the noun.





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8.6.  Management Information

     The management information of the English Co-occurrence Dictionary contains
the management history record.  The management history record provides
information such as date of creation or record update.


8.a Tables

    8-1 Part of Speech Assignments
    8-2 Co-occurrence Relation Labels














































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 Table 8-1 Part of Speech Assignments in the English Co-occurrence Dictionary
_______________________________________________________________________________
 Part of         Explanation         Corresponding Part of Speech       Code
_Speech______________________________from_English_Word_Dictionary______________
NOUN         Noun                   Common Noun                      EN1
                                    Proper Noun                      EN2
                                    Cardinal Number                  EN3
                                    Ordinal Number                   EN4
                                    Classifier                       EN5
                                    Indefinite Ponoun                EP4
PRON         Personal Pronoun       Personal Ponoun                  EP1
                                    Demonstrative Ponoun             EP3
DEMO         Demonstrative Pro-     Demonstrative Pronoun            EP3
             noun
INDEF        Indefinite Pronoun     Indefinite Pronoun               EP4
VERB         Verb                   Verb                             EVE
ADJ          Adjective              Adjective                        EAJ
                                    Indefinite Determiner            ET2
ADV          Adverb                 Common Adverb                    ED5
UNIT         Unit                   Unit                             EUN
PTCL_________Adverbial_Particle_____Adverbial_Particle_______________ED3_______




































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                    Table 8-2 Co-occurrence Relation Labels
_______________________________________________________________________________
Cooccurrence Relation La-     Explanation of Cooccurrence Phrases and Example
bel___________________________Phrases__________________________________________
(Verb + prepositional phrase, noun + prepositional phrase)
into                           [advancement, into, politics]
                               /(advancement) into <politics>/
in                             [enter, in, triumph]
                               /he (enter)ed its capital into <triumph>/
on                             [observer, on, West Coast]
                               /(observer)s on the <West Coast>/
at, with, for, about, ...      ...


@subject                     Subject and verb
                               "stud/@subject/planner"
                               /<planner>s might (stud)y the matter/
@d-object                    Subject and direct object (noun phrase)
                               "achiev/@d-object/reliability"
                               /teams (achiev)e better <reliability>/
@d-object(to)                Verb and direct object (to-infinitive)
                               "refus/@d-object(to)/reconsider"
                               /he had (refus)ed to reconsider/
@d-object(to_be_done)        Verb and direct object (to be + past participle)
                               "lik/@d-object(to_be_done)/dominat"
                               /they (lik)e to be <dominat>ed/
@d-object(to_be_doing)       Verb and direct object (to be -ing)
                               "pretend/@d-object(to_be_doing)/farm"
                               /he hadn't (pretend)ed to be <farm>ing/
@d-object(ing)               Verb and direct object (-ing)
                               "start/@d-object(ing)/hit"
                               /a team will (start) <hit>ting/
@d-object(bare)              Verb and direct object (bare infinitive)
                               "help/@d-object(bare)/explain"
                               /this may (help) <explain>/
@i-object                    Verb and indirect object (noun phrase)
                               "caus/@i-object/us"
                               /a person has (caus)ed <us> hardship/
@s-complement                Verb and subject complement (noun/adjective
                             phrase)
                               "become/@s-complement/oppressive"
                               /a dictatorship (become) <oppressive>/
@s-complement(to)            Verb and subject complement (to-infinitive phrase)
                               "hesitat/@s-complement(to)/presecut"
                               /local police have (hesitat)ed to <prosecut>e/
@s-complement(to_be_done)    Verb and subject complement (to be + past partici-
                             ple)
                               "seem/@s-complement(to_be_done)/underestimat"
                               /she (seem)ed to be <underestimat>ed/
@s-complement(to_be_doing)   Verb and subject complement (to be -ing)
                               "appear/@s-complement(to_be_doing)/spread"
_______________________________/(appear)s_to_be_<spread>ing/___________________





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______________________________________________________________________________
Cooccurrence Relation La-    Explanation of Co-occurrence Phrases and Example
bel__________________________Phrases__________________________________________
@s-complement(ing)          Verb and subject complement (-ing)
                             "keep/@s-complement (ing)/com"
                             /the waves may (keep) <com>ing/
@s-complement(pp)           Verb and subject complement (past participle)
                             "become/@s-complement (pp)/recogniz"
                             /the plan has (become) <recogniz>ed/
@o-complement               Verb and objective complement (noun/adjective
                            phrase)
                             "made/@o-complement/eas"
                             /(made) it <eas>ier/
@o-complement(to)           Verb and objective complement (to-infinitive
                            phrase)
                             "permit/@o-complement (to)/seek"
                             /Philadelphia (permit)ted him to <seek>/
@o-complement               Verb and objective complement (to be + past parti-
(to_be_done)                ciple)
                             "allow/@o-complement (to_be_done)/publish"
                             /he would not (allow) them to be <publish>ed/
@o-complement               Verb and objective complement (to be -ing)
(to_be_doing)
                             "caus/@o-complement (to_be_doing)/analyz"
                             /(caus)ed him to be <analyz>ing/
@o-complement(ing)          Verb and objective complement (-ing)
                             "watch/@o-complement (ing)/handl"
                             /I (watch) Castro <handl>ing/
@o-complement(bare)         Verb and objective complement (bare infinitive)
                             "watch/@o-complement (bare)/sprout"
                             /(watch)ed them <sprout>/
@o-complement(pp)           Verb and objective complement (past participle)
                             "keep/@o-complement (pp)/press"
                             /they (keep) their feet <press>ed/
@passive-subj               Passive verb and subject
                             "accept/@passive-subj/profession"
                             /this (profession) was <accept>ed/
@passive-object             Passive verb and object
                             "told/@passive-object/story"
                             /we're (told) a <story>/
@passive-complement         Passive verb and complement
                             "consider/@passive-complement/important"
                             /lemon is (consider)ed <important>/
@passive-complement(to)     Passive verb and complement (to-infinitive phrase)
                             "authoriz/@passive-complement (to)/adopt"
                             /the town was (authoriz)ed to <adopt>/
@passive-complement         Passive verb and complement (to be + past partici-
(to_be_done)                ple)
                             "expect/@passive-complement (to_be_done)/report"
                             /it is (expect)ed to be <report>ed/
@passive-complement         Passive verb and complement (to be -ing)
(to_be_doing)






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                             "found/@passive-complement (to_be_doing)/wear"
                             /he was (found) to be <wear>ing/
@passive-by                 Passive verb and agentive subject
                             "translat/@passive-by/people"
                             /this viewpoint has been (translat)ed by <peo-
                             ple>/
@pre-modifier               Modified and modifying (pre-modifier)
                             Noun and adjective
                             "help/@pre-modifier/great"
                             /(great)est <help>/
                             Verb and adverb
                             "follow/@pre-modifier/thereupon"
                             /<thereupon> (follow)ed/


@post-modifier              Modified and modifying (post-modifier)
                               Noun and adjective
                               "bond/@post-modifier/repayable"
                               /(bond) <repayable>/
                               Verb and adverb or adverb-equivalent noun
                               "speak/@post-modifier/softly"
                               /(speak)ing <softly>/
                               "talk/@post-modifier/today"
                               /(talk) <today>/
@unit                       Noun and classifier
                               "sheet/@unit/paper"
                               /a <sheet> of (paper)/
@pred-subj                  Subject and adjective or adverbial particle (in
                            predicate)
                               (Subject is the dependent word.)
                               "conservative/@pred-subj/he"
                               /<he> was (conservative)/
                               Subject and noun (in predicate)
                               (Subject is the dependent word.)
                               "traged/@pred-subj/twist"
                               /such <twist> would be a (traged)y/
@composite                  Noun and modifying noun
                               (First noun is the dependent word.)
                               "area/@composite/parking"
                               /(parking) <area>s/
@co-modifier                Consecutive/multiple modifiers
                               (First modifier is the dependent word.)
                               Adjective + adjective
                               "political/@co-modifier/unstable"
                               /<unstable> (political) situation/
                               Adverb + adverb
                               "heavily/@co-modifier/here"
_______________________________/it_rained_(here)_<heavily>/___________________









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